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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
کاتالیست اکسیداسپینل فریت مس برای methanolysis روغن نخل
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Copper ferrite spinel oxide catalysts for palm oil methanolysis
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Biodiesel is among the important alternative transportation fuels in use today. It has been used by blending it with a petroleumbased fuel to be used in a diesel engine. The combustion of this blend is expected to generate low-toxicity compounds (CO, NOx) and reduce greenhouse gases (CO2) compared to traditional fossil fuels. Currently, biodiesel is industrially produced through triglyceride transesterification with methanol or ethanol in the presence of soluble alkali NaOH or KOH catalysts. This process can achieve FAME contents higher than 98% within 30 min under a mild condition of 60–65 ◦C [1,2]. However, the disadvantages of using alkali solution catalysts are waste water generation, poor quality of the glycerol by-product and soap formation [3]. More importantly, it is hard to recover the catalyst from the reaction media. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts have been developed to overcome these limitations [4–6]. The alkaline earth oxides and methoxides have been widely developed for heterogeneous transesterification; however,their lack of stability is a reason to imagine new heteroge-neous catalysts [4]. Stern and co-workers reported that the spinel mixed oxide of Al and Zn was active as a potential catalyst when operated at a reaction temperature of 200 ◦C and 60 bar of pressure [7]. The first heterogeneous catalyst industrial process was revealed by the French Institute of Petroleum (IFP) using ZnAl2O4 at a reaction temperature of 180–220 ◦C and 30–80 bar of pressure in 2005 [8]. In this regard, there has been increasing interest in the use of spinel catalysts as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Many research groups, those of including Pugnet [9] and Alves [10], have described thatthe activity of spinel ZnAl2O4 for the transesterification of vegetable oil can achieve approximately 80% FAME content at reaction temperature of 200 ◦C and methanol:oil ratio of 27:1, and > 95% FAME content with reaction temperature above 150 ◦C and methanol: oil ratio of 40:1 in a batch reactor. More recently, Sankaranarayanan and co-workers discovered that spinel-type mixed oxides prepared by co-precipitation were active for the transesterification of cooking oil and Jatropha oil [11]. The results indicated nearly 100% of triglyceride conversion and 100% selectivity of the FAME content within 10 h at a reaction temperature of 180 ◦C. It should also be considered that the application of the spinel catalysts can advance the recovery process due to their magnetic property [12–14]. The use of heterogeneous catalysts with specific magnetic properties for biodiesel production via transesterification would beimproved by the rapid and easy separation after applying an external magnet. Among the many magnetic spinel oxide catalysts, copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) is an interesting material due to its unique properties, such as its good catalytic activity, high thermal stability and superior magnetization. CuFe2O4 has been explored for its high catalytic performance in applications such as hydrogen fabrication [15,16], gas sensors [17,18], and glycerol hydrogenolysis [19,20]. Typically, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation [21], electrospinning [14], mechanical milling [22,23] and sol-gel methods [24]. The CuFe2O4 structure is an inverse spinel structure at room temperature, in which eight Cu2+ and eight Fe2+ cations occupy octahedral sites and the other eight Fe3+ are located in the tetrahedral sites [25,26]. To the best of our knowledge,no comprehensivedata are available onCuFe2O4 for the methanolysis of palm oil, where the CuFe2O4 samples were used as a promising catalyst in terms of their ease of reuse and separation by applying an external magnetic field. In this context, magnetic copper ferrite samples were obtained by a sol-gel combustion method using a citric-nitrate precursor route. It has been established that this method could produce the envisaged product with a good homogeneity and low synthetic temperatures [16]. Consequently, this work was intended to elucidate the relationship between the structural properties and catalytic activities of catalyst samples. The effects of thermal annealing on the structure with respect to different temperatures were examined, and the samples were further characterized by various techniques for their physicochemical properties. The influences of the catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio and reusability of the catalyst on the biodiesel activity were also investigated.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from ... www.ijcce.ac.ir/article_5911_0.html by B Salamatinia - 2013 - Cited by 16 - Related articles Characterizations of the catalysts before and after the transesterification process ... Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil: ... [PDF]Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts www.bioline.org.br/pdf?st11020 by AA Refaat - Cited by 134 - Related articles Dec 1, 2010 - as catalysts in oil transesterification is well established, accordingly, researchers' attempts are now focused on .... metal oxide catalyst most frequently applied for biodiesel .... crude palm kernel oil transesterification is SO4. REVIEW PAPER CALCIUM OXIDE BASED CATALYSTS ... - doiSerbia www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=1451-93721600010K by Ž Kesić - 2016 - Cited by 6 - Related articles Mar 4, 2016 - (2) Formation of calcium glyceroxide during transesterification reaction and .... CaO–SiO2 catalysts, used for transesterification of palm oil, were ... Industrial Catalysis and Separations: Innovations for Process ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1482234262 K. V. Raghavan, B. M. Reddy - 2014 - Science ... J., and Fernando, W.J.N. Solid heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of ... palm oil using alkaline earth metal oxides as the heterogeneous catalysts. The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0444563326 Kostas Triantafyllidis, Angelos Lappas, Michael Stöcker - 2013 - Technology & Engineering The MnCeOx catalytic systems present the advan- tage of high surface area and ... mixed oxide catalysts were investigated in the transesterification of palm oil, ... PubMed Result https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?itool=pubmed_Abstract...Cmd... 1: Wan Z, Hameed BH. Transesterification of palm oil to methyl ester on activated carbon supported calcium oxide catalyst. Bioresour Technol. 2011 Feb ... Kinetic comparison of two basic heterogenous catalysts obtained from ... www.biofueljournal.com/article_8816_0.html by GR Moradi - 2015 - Cited by 12 - Related articles Alkaline earth metal oxides are appropriate catalysts for biodiesel production ... from sustainable resources for transesterification of waste cooking oil ... Application of mesoporous catalysts over palm-oil biodiesel for adjusting fuel properties.
