دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین رقابت خدمات دانش از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
مقایسه بین المللی رقابت در خدمات دانش
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
An international comparison of competitiveness in knowledge services
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
2.1. A study on knowledge service The first conceptual research on knowledge service was conducted based on a research report titled Knowledge-Intensive Business Services: their role as users, carriers and sources of innovation (Miles et al., 1995), which was presented by the European Union (EU). In comparison with such major production factors in the existing industrial society as labor, capital and land, the concept of service aimed at improving productivity and increasing the added-value of product services in the existing industries was defined through the use of major production factors based on creativity-oriented knowledge, and it was named Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS). It is significant for being the first to designate knowledge-based service as something separate from general labor-intensive services such as cleaning services or information provision services such as real-estate brokerage. In an effort to apply a more clarified concept of KIBS to real industries, OECD (1998) defined R&D activities, input of ICT and highly skilled workers and highutilization services as knowledge service and considered industries with a high portion of the service input as Knowledge-Based Industries (KBI). In addition to a series of conceptual research, most research literature has focused on defining characteristics based on the concept of knowledge service and conducting empirical analyses on the role of knowledge service in the real industries. In an effort to define the role of KIBS as innovative agents in the real industries, Aslesen and Isaksen (2007) focused only on the region of Oslo in Norway for the purpose of empirical analyses. In addition to subdivision by region, the knowledge service industry was confined to the software industry and the organizational consultant sector, and analyses were conducted to identify if KIBS encouraged real innovation and growth, and the analyses identi- fied its significance. The study is characterized by regional and industrial subdivision to conduct an empirical analysis on KIBS. Departing from KIBS, García-Quevedo et al. (2013) defined Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) as knowledge-intensive business services, taking the meaning in a broader sense, and surveyed innovative firms in Valencia in Spain. Notably, this study found that R&D services play an important role in innovating companies. Similarly to the research conducted by Aslesen and Isaksen (2007), the survey was conducted in a specific area, but this study is differentiated as it was focused on examining companies regardless of whether or not they were in the knowledge service sector. Doloreux and Shearmur (2013) conducted a survey on 804 manufacturing establishments in Quebec in Canada, and analyzed the roles of KIBS in terms of innovative strategies. Through the analyses, it was found that the level of innovation in manufacturing companies was raised through interactions with KIBS. There are similarities to previous studies because the survey was conducted in a specific area, but it is differentiated because manufacturing firms were subdivided. Lee (2004) conducted research in order to analyze and understand the roles of KIS with regard to industrial innovation in Korea. Like the study conducted by Doloreux and Shearmur (2013), the level of contribution of KIS to manufacturing companies was analyzed, and the analyses indicated that KIS played an important role in innovating manufacturing businesses. However, it is difficult to expect that the research conducted by Lee (2004), who surveyed only the manufacturing companies, can define the roles of knowledge services in industrial innovation in Korea. As mentioned above, existing studies related to knowledge services have mostly been focused on subdividing areas included in the knowledge service industry and examining particular regions. Although it is often stated that the knowledge service industry is playing an important role in innovating industries and that its importance in terms of economic development is continuously growing, there has been no study that aimed at macroscopically analyzing national economic status and the roles of the knowledge service industry, and suggesting quantitative results. In addition, previous studies have mostly adopted survey analysis as a method of research, and this is considered as an inappropriate methodology for dealing with national economic impact of the knowledge service industry, which is related to the purpose of the study. In most cases, survey analysis has limitations when it comes to figuring out or dealing with social context, and this is due to the fact that while a survey analysis enables us to understand and analyze fragmented informers' opinions or behavior based on questionnaires, it is not appropriate for asking complex and thoughtful questions or handling overall social opinions.
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