دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین رقابت تصدی کار شرکت کننده از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
شروع کار، شرکت کنندگان و تاثیرات رقابت تصدی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Start-ups, incumbents, and the effects of takeover competition
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Conceptual framework
Similar to the approach of Betton et al. (2009), we base our conceptual framework on a two-stage takeover model in which the first stage involves private negotiations of incumbents with a start-up, which might lead to an auction during the second stage. The conceptual framework outlines incumbent companies' options for reacting to the market entry of a disruptive start-up. The framework provides a guideline for our experimental design, as described in the next section. Our primary assumptions are (i) a start-up with limited resources enters a market that has multiple incumbents; (ii) the start-up increases its customer base due to a superior value proposition (for example, a free service such as the one offered by Instagram); and (iii) it therefore attracts the attention of incumbents as they lose market share. Such a simplified scenario captures the main features of many markets, particularly online markets. Given the effective and cost-efficient way for companies to innovate is to participate from user innovations (von Hippel, 1976), the optimal strategy for an entrant would be to take an intermediate position in the value chain between supply and demand, and to internalize network externalities which, in the digital business, are attached to small marginal costs. A perfect environment for such user-generated value is provided in the Napster example, where the start-up used peer-to-peer communities of interest: Those community-based innovations can be found “off-line” (Franke & Shah, 2003), but especially online (Lerner & Tirole, 2002; von Hippel & von Krogh, 2003). Hence, creating strong (online) communities does not only lead to ever new and inexpensive products, but also to cohesive in-group identification and a clear demarcation to other products brands (Armstrong & Hagel, 1996; Muniz & O'Guinn, 2001). Consequently, offering attractive user-generated content that is provided within a community of peers for free ultimately induces a selfaccelerating growth process, often leading to oligopolistic or ‘winner takes all’ market structures (due to positive externalities, e.g., Katz & Shapiro, 1986; Farrell & Saloner, 1986; Westland, 1992). In this case, the entrant reaches strategic relevance as the incumbents lose market share and revenues.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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