دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین دانش به عنوان فرصت از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
دانش به عنوان منبع فرصت
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Knowledge as the source of opportunity
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
The domain of entrepreneurship is still scattered with regard to what constitutes its core. Widespread agreement has emerged, however, that entrepreneurship involves the pursuit of opportunities. During the past decade, entrepreneurship has mainly been understood through the discovery perspective (e.g., opportunities are ontologically “out there”; they just have to be discovered) (Shane, 2003, 2012). In critical response to this view, the so-called creation view has argued that opportunities are created through processes of social construction (Aldrich and Fiol, 1994; Alvarez et al., 2013; Korsgaard, 2013). Additionally, the subjectivist perspective has added nuance to the debate by suggesting that opportunities are creatively imagined by the entrepreneur (Chiles et al., 2007, 2010a, 2010b; Mahoney and Michael, 2005; Lachmann, 1976), or that opportunity is latent to subjective judgments about allocation of resources (Foss and Klein, 2012; Klein, 2008). The differences between the competing views have largely been taken as ontological and epistemological disagreement concerning the nature of opportunities as a category. Ultimately this has led to a (arguably conceptually stimulating) stalemate with none of the competing views really successfully incorporating a holistic conceptualization of opportunities in the entrepreneurial process (Crawford et al., 2016). In this paper, we follow Crawford and colleagues (Crawford et al., 2016) in questioning the importance of making the issue of “opportunity” into a deep ontological debate, and instead we attempt to circumvent the impasse of the ontologically driven debate. We do this by re-emphasizing the original observation of Hayek and Kirzner that opportunities arise from the distribution of knowledge in the society and therefore may be treated as a function of knowledge (Hayek, 1945) and a form of future looking knowledge; (Knight, 1921). As a robust point of departure, we look to Hayek's (1945) influential paper on the distribution of knowledge in society and its consequences. As pointed out by Hayek (1945: 519). The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in concentrated or integrated form, but solely as the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess. The economic problem of society is thus not merely a problem of how to allocate “given” resources … it is a problem of the utilization of knowledge not given to anyone in its totality In the Hayek model it is the uneven distribution of knowledge that gives rise to the problem of allocation, to which entrepreneurship is the solution. Any given economic actor will have incomplete and imperfect knowledge, and while this makes it impossible for all to make rational and optimizing decisions, it also gives “practically every individual … some advantage over all others in that he possesses unique information of which beneficial use might be made” (Hayek, 1945: 521). Notably, the uneven distribution is both cross-sectional and longitudinal, meaning that the distribution is both across people and places as well as over time (Dew et al., 2004). As emphasized by Kirzner (1973) (Korsgaard et al., 2016) it is in the uneven distribution of knowledge across people, places and time that we find opportunities. Opportunities reside in knowledge and information, the differences in where it exists, where it does not exist, who has it and who does not have it. While (too) much has been made of Kirzner's metaphor of discovering the opportunities, we suggest that there is value in exploring the Hayek-Kirzner idea of opportunities as originating in knowledge and its distribution. In this paper, we explore the idea of opportunities as knowledge by employing Donald Davidson's tripod of knowledge (objective, intersubjective, and subjective) to claim that opportunities consist of these three forms of knowledge dispersed among people and places, and over time. This argument mirrors recent criticisms of the opportunity concept, including Per Davidsson's (2015) attempt to break up the opportunity concept into three distinct constructs (external enablers, new venture ideas, and opportunity confidence) and Kitching and Rouse's (2016) critical realism, which incorporates structural (objective), social (intersubjective) and agentic (subjective) components. Our argument, however, maintains the value of the opportunity concept, while catering to the insightful concerns raised by critics.
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کلمات کلیدی:
[PDF]Lecture 7 Sources of innovative opportunities Source: The ... eagri.tnau.ac.in/eagri50/ARM402/pdf/lec07.pdf The need we shall discuss as a source of innovative opportunity is a very specific one: I ... an existing old process around newly available knowledge. Peter Drucker on the Seven Sources of Systematic Innovation - David ... teten.com/blog/2010/.../peter-drucker-on-the-seven-sources-of-systematic-innovation-... Jan 13, 2010 - The second set of sources for innovative opportunity involve changes outside the ... New knowledge, both scientific and nonscientific. The lines ... How Entrepreneurs Identify New Business Opportunities - Knowledge ... knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/.../how-entrepreneurs-identify-new-business-opportun... Nov 9, 2009 - Knowledge@Wharton: Our guest today is Raffi Amit, professor of ... There are many sources for new venture opportunities for individuals. The role of external knowledge sources and organizational design in ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2135/pdf by NJ Foss - 2013 - Cited by 111 - Related articles Apr 8, 2013 - knowledge sources is positively associated with opportunity exploitation, ... external knowledge during the process of exploiting opportunities. 2.2 Sources of Innovation vcampus.uom.ac.mu/entrepreneurship/Unit%202/2.2.htm?id=6077 ... Peter Drucker (1986) identifies seven sources of innovation opportunity, four of ... abound with those based on scientific, technical or social new knowledge. Searches related to Knowledge as the source of opportunity sources of entrepreneurial opportunities sources of innovation in entrepreneurship sources of innovation examples sources of entrepreneurial opportunities pdf explain sources of innovation sources of business opportunity 5 sources of innovation sources of innovation pdf
