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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
در نظر گرفتن موارد اضطراری خدمات هنگامی که طیف تخصیص داده شده و معین است
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Taking account of service externalities when spectrum is allocated and assigned
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. The basic economics of incorporating externalities
This section argues that two fundamentally different approaches should be taken to the question of how to incorporate externalities in spectrum-using services in allocation and assignment decisions, depending essentially upon the degree to which the levels of output of the spectrum-using services in question vary depending upon the availability of spectrum. In the ‘constant output’ case, the volumes of competing services are invariant to the spectrum allocation decision in question.7 (We discuss below how frequently this case is likely to be observed, either exactly or closely.) In the alternative ‘variable output’ case, the spectrum decision has an impact on the prices and levels of output of the spectrum-using services, creating a need to address the scale of the relevant externality at the margin. This distinction is important because the data requirements of the two cases differ in important ways. The cases we consider are ones in which each service provider has exclusive use of that part of the band which is assigned to it. In other words, we are not complicating things by considering shared use of the same spectrum.producer or commissioner of the output to keep its level constant. The significance of this is that in both marketed and nonmarketed cases the spectrum decision has no effect on the levels of output, and hence no effect on either private use value or on the valuation of the externality. With both private and external values given for each activity, the desirability of any change in spectrum use hinges entirely upon the degree to which allocation of the band in question reduces the aggregate (non-spectrum) cost of the services.8 This is not a startling result, but it is worth illustrating it with a hypothetical arithmetical example which can also be extended subsequently to consider variable output cases. The example we choose is a highly stylised version of conflict in the allocation of the 700 MHz spectrum between the demands of broadcasting and mobile services.9 It should be noted that, although the competing services are named, no attempt has been made to make the cost and benefit numbers associated with the different bands realistic. The example is founded on the ‘discrete choice’ approach to spectrum allocation and assignment set out in Fig. 2 above, in which a decision is being made to allocate a given band to one of two (or a small number) of services. This can be distinguished from a formulation of the spectrum allocation problem as one designed to achieve a global optimum covering all bands and all possible uses; in other words the multi-band generalisation of Fig. 1 above. In our view the discrete choice approach better reflects the current approach to spectrum management. We start by considering the scenario in which there is a suitable alternative to 700 MHz spectrum for both mobile and broadcasting services. Then we discuss how the analysis is affected if either: a. There is no suitable alternative spectrum for broadcasting; or b. The broadcasting service is not financially viable using the alternative band. Finally, we discuss the circumstances in which an auction-based system can be expected to result in an efficient outcome. In the first scenario, we suppose that (incremental) mobile services can be provided using either the 700 MHz or 2.3 GHz bands. Similarly, broadcasting services can be provided terrestrially using the 700 MHz or by satellite using 10 GHz bands. For simplicity, we assume that both the 2.3 GHz and 10 GHz bands are otherwise unused. This implies that there are two alternative assignments as follows: Assignment 1: mobile services use the 700 MHz band and broadcasting the 10 GHz band Assignment 2: broadcasting services use the 700 MHz band and mobile the 2.3 GHz band For the purpose of this scenario, we initially assume that: Both services are financially viable without subsidy in both assignments. Output of both services is unaffected by the assignment of spectrum, so our focus in on the efficient production of a constant level of output.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Taking account of service externalities when spectrum ... - ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/.../302553546_Taking_account_of_service_externalities_w... On May 1, 2016 Martin Cave (and others) published: Taking account of service externalities when spectrum is allocated and assigned. Externalities https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_microeconomics-theory.../s17-02-externalities.html What are the ways in which problems caused by externalities can be solved? ... Individuals and firms take into account only private costs when making decisions. ..... some indication of the value that society places on goods and services. Negative Externalities - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ... https://www.coursera.org/learn/sustainability/lecture/uk31W/negative-externalities So, does this mean that economics is unable to properly take into account? ... The jargon for this is that we are more efficient by trading goods and services we ... Externalities: Prices Do Not Capture All Costs - Back to Basics - IMF www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/external.htm ... of others, but the price of the product does not take those externalities into account. ... In the case of pollution—the traditional example of a negative externality—a ... Otherwise, market outcomes involve underproduction of goods or services ... Searches related to account of service externalities positive externality examples positive production externality causes of externalities types of externalities difference between positive and negative externalities externalities pdf positive consumption externality negative consumption externality
