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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
ورودی جوی مواد آلی به یک حوزه آبخیز جنگلی: تنوع از طوفان به طوفان در طول فصول
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Atmospheric inputs of organic matter to a forested watershed: Variations from storm to storm over the seasons
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
mospheric organic matter stems from emissions from multiple biogenic and anthropogenic sources, such as vegetation, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biomass burning, and seaspray (Goldstein and Galbally, 2007; Heald et al., 2008). Wet atmospheric deposition via precipitation is the primary pathway for removal of organic matter from the atmosphere (Hallquist et al., * Corresponding author. 2009; Jurado et al., 2008; Kanakidou et al., 2005). Both theconcentration, or quantity, and the chemical composition, or quality, of organics in precipitation are a reflection of sources, transport, and chemical transformations of organic matter in the atmosphere (Decesari et al., 2007; Graber and Rudich, 2006). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is typically used as a measure of the total dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in precipitation and other natural waters (Thurman, 1985). Precipitation contains a heterogeneous mixture of organic carbon compounds having varying molecular weights, reactivity and solubility (Altieri et al., 2009; Mead et al., 2013; Seaton et al., 2013). Studies by Fahey et al. (2005) and Pan et al. (2010) suggest that a large fraction (76e94%) of the carbon in precipitation is in the organic form. It is recognized that precipitation can supply bioavailable organic compounds to landscapes (Avery et al., 2003; Seitzinger and Sanders, 1999) and can influence multiple ecosystem functions (Kanakidou et al., 2012; Mladenov et al., 2012). Observations of DOC concentrations in precipitation are sparse worldwide (Iavorivska et al., 2016). It has only recently been established that DOC in precipitation is significant in the global carbon budget, accounting for a portion of the missing carbon sink over the land and oceans (Willey et al., 2000). Concentrations of DOC in precipitation can span several orders of magnitude from storm to storm (Coelho et al., 2008; Sakugawa et al., 1993; Willey et al., 2009); and events differ markedly in terms of DOC quality (Kieber et al., 2006; Muller et al., 2008; Santos et al., 2009). Climatic factors have been invoked to explain variability in DOC concentration and quality from storm to storm; including precipitation depth and duration, synoptic weather pattern, wind speed, and antecedent conditions such as dry periods (Germer et al., 2007; Jordan et al., 1995; Yan and Kim, 2012). Several studies found a strong negative relationship between DOC concentration and precipitation depth (Heartsill-Scalley et al., 2007; Kawamura et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2013). Comparably, several studies found a negative relationship between precipitation depth and metrics of DOC quality, characterizing the light-absorbing or chromophoric fractions (Balla et al., 2014; Kieber et al., 2006; Santos et al., 2013). However, other studies found no relationship between DOC concentration and precipitation depth (Eklund et al., 1997; Likens et al., 1983; Pena et al., 2002), highlighting that the relationships can vary in strength and are inconsistent among locations. DOC quality in precipitation is affected by the extent of mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer; where low wind speeds that promote stagnant air and accumulation of organic carbon emissions are associated with higher quantities of humic-like substances, which are major components of DOC in precipitation (Balla et al., 2014; Muller et al., 2008). Further, storms with a high convective component had significantly higher humic-like DOC fractions compared to stratiform events (Muller et al., 2008). Research at critical zone observatory watersheds aims to understand coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes shaping Earth's surface (Brantley et al., 2016; NSF-CZO, 2016). At the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) in central Pennsylvania (USA), recent research has focused on aspects of inorganic and organic carbon cycling in the watershed (Andrews et al., 2011; Jin et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2014). Questions remain about the magnitude of organic carbon delivered to the watershed via precipitation, and its potential importance in atmospheric and terrestrial biogeochemical processes. The objectives of this study were to determine the quantity and the quality of precipitation DOC inputs to the SSHCZO watershed; and to characterize the associated temporal variability. We hypothesized that multiple factors drive variability of DOC concentrations in precipitation among the storm events; which we explored by considering relationships between DOC, storm properties, meteorological conditions, and chemical composition of air and precipitation.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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