دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین حمایت عمومی سرمایه سرمایه گذاری ریسکی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آیا حمایت عمومی سرمایه سرمایه گذاری ریسکی، نوآوری را ترویج می دهد؟ تفاوت بین صندوق های خصوصی و عمومی مورد حمایت در سرمایه گذاری بازار سرمایه بریتانیا
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Do publicly backed venture capital investments promote innovation? Differences between privately and publicly backed funds in the UK venture capital market
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
A substantial amount of academic research has been put into the question of the impact of venture capital in the innovation performance of a company (Gompers and Lerner, 2001; Arqué-Castells, 2012; Popov and Roosenboom, 2012). A number of studies have shown that venture-backed firms are responsible for a disproportionate number of patents (which is used as a proxy for innovation) and new technologies, and bring more radical innovations to the market faster than lower growth businesses that rely on other types of finance (see, for example: Kortum and Lerner, 2000; Hellmann and Puri, 2000, 2002; Hall and Lerner, 2010). In fact, research has shown that venture capital has played an important role in the development of some of the most significant scientific inventions and industries of our times (such as personal computers, cellular communications, microcomputer software, biotechnology, and overnight delivery) and high-growth venture-backed firms are also more likely to generate new industries (Bygrave and Timmons, 1992; Timmons and Spinelli, 2003). Furthermore, the significant impact of venture capital on innovation has long been recognised by policy makers. Government schemes in support of the VC industry are intended to improve business innovation and growth, and close potential funding gaps, particularly for small high-technology start-ups (Sunley et al., 2005) or in particular regions (Mason and Harrison, 2002). Such government-backed schemes1 aimed in leveraging private money (Sunley et al., 2005; Lerner, 2002), stimulating regional entrepreneurial activity (Mason and Harrison, 1999) and generating R & D spill overs (Lerner, 2002). To this end, governments around the world have taken a strong interest in facilitating access to finance for innovative high-growth companies and several schemes in support of the venture capital industry have been set up to overcome funding gaps (Sunley et al., 2005). The attempts to stimulate the supply of new sources of finance have followed different approaches, from ensuring that each region has access to regional-based VC funds to trying to demonstrate that investors in early stage funds can make robust returns, thereby promoting the private sector venture capital industry (Mason and Harrison, 2003). Successive UK Governments have introduced several schemes in support of venture capital finance including the Early Growth Funds (EGFs), Regional Venture Capital Funds (RVCFs), University Challenge Seed Funds (UCSFs) and the Enterprise Capital Funds (ECFs). Various evaluations of the Government venture capital schemes have highlighted that UK publicly backed funds have had a negative financial performance and their overall Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was substantial lower than the IRR reported by private funds (NAO, 2009). Furthermore, such funds have had only a marginal impact on business performance (Nightingale et al., 2009). Buzzachi et al. (2013) also found that higher public stakes are significantly correlated with a lower incidence of write-offs and a longer duration for their investments. Nevertheless, public interventions have significantly increased the supply of finance for business seeking equity finance, and the public sector has become considerably more important as an investor in both absolute and relative terms (Mason and Pierrakis, 2013). Despite their increasing importance and attention by both academics and policy makers, little is still known about the impact of publicly backed venture capital funds on innovation. Some of the most informative studies are the ones by Kortum and Lerner (2000) and Brander et al. (2014). Kortum and Lerner (2000) measured the role of VC in innovation using patents as a proxy variable for business innovation while Brander et al. (2014) expanded the existing literature on the relationship between venture capital and patenting by including an additional parameter in this relationship, which is the source of venture capital (public or private). In particular, the latter study provides strong evidence on the role of government VC in stimulating innovation. Additionally, it showed that enterprises with moderate government venture capital support outperform enterprises with only private venture capital support and those with extensive government venture capital support, both in terms of value creation and patent creation. Another study by Bertoni and Tykvová (2015) explored whether governmental venture capital investors (GVCs) spur invention and innovation in young biotech companies in Europe and found that GVCs, as stand along investors, have no impact on invention and innovation but boost the impact of independent venture capital investors (IVCs) when they invest together. Based on these theoretical premises, this research investigates the likely impact of the UK based publicly backed venture capital funds on business innovation. In this paper we attempt to shed more light on the government backed venture capital funds (GVCs) and business innovation nexus by using a combination of commercial databases and publicly available information. This allows us to construct a unique database of 4113 individual investments and observe several characteristics of the VC backed companies such as amounts received, funding source, funding rounds and patent grants or applications. Importantly, we are able to distinguish between private and government backed venture capital investments and capture potential industrial and geographical differences. Hence, our work goes beyond the existing literature by analysing the relation between government backed venture capital investments and innovation using a much larger sample of UK based companies,2 focusing on the regional heterogeneity of the UK market. In this way, it reveals new characteristics of the venture capital communities in the UK and contributes to the debate about the potential impact of VC in economic development and innovation proxied by patents. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a background of the study and derives the hypotheses. Section 3 describes the data. In Section 4 the empirical findings are discussed. Finally, Section 5 provides concluding remarks and further research directions.
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کلمات کلیدی:
PDF]Public Policy and Venture Capital Backed Innovation - CiteSeerX citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.3982&rep=rep1... by C Keuschnigg - 2003 - Cited by 36 - Related articles tion of young firms.1 VC backed firms introduce more radical innovations and ... a range of public policies that are meant to promote innovation by facilitating ... Venture capital's innovation shortfall - Policy Options policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/come-together/lerner/ Several essential constraints limit venture capitalists' ability to promote true innovation. ... In 1974, the fraction of venture capital investments primarily involving .... venturebacked companies that consider going public but abandon the efforts in ... How does venture capital operate in medical innovation? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC) by P Lehoux - 2016 - Related articles Apr 15, 2016 - While health policy scholars wish to encourage the creation of technologies ... The innovation policy scholarship posits that venture capital-backed ... 68% of all early-stage venture capital investments were publicly backed. Investments and innovation: regional venture capital activity, business ... orca.cf.ac.uk/23852/ Jul 5, 2013 - It examines the combination of venture capital in the UK regions by ... Since publicly backed funds do not promote innovation to the same extent ... ISBE 2016 Programme: Day One - ISBE isbe.org.uk › ISBE Conference 2016 Firms' Resources and Export Propensity: A Cluster Analysis Approach to Inform Export .... Do publicly backed venture capital investments promote innovation?
