دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین حقوق الگو تحقیق توسعه بین الملل از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
همکاری و دینامیک حقوقی الگوهای تحقیق و توسعه بین المللی در شرق آسیا
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Collaborative and Legal Dynamics of International R&D- Evolving Patterns in East Asia
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. International R&D Collaboration Knowledge flow in the same countries are more intense than cross countries (Keller, 2002). Geography is believed a constraint of flow of knowledge (Jaffe et al., 1993; Thompson, 2006). Literature investigating International knowledge flow have focused on trade (Grossman and Helpman, 1991), Foreign Direct Investment (Branstetter, 2006; Lee, 2006) and firm innovation (Kotabe et al., 2007). International R&D collaboration generates output that can be more applicable to wider variety of preferences and be beneficial to multiple countries. Some prior studies suggested that international R&D collaboration generates better output because diverse knowledge and competences can be integrated from different countries (Levinthal and March, 1993; March, 1991). However, other studies suggested that high coordination cost and communication difficulties, e.g. culture and language, and therefore independent R&D without international collaboration is more efficient and valuable (Furman et al., 2005; Singh, 2008). Although there is no consensus on the influence of international R&D collaboration on the quality of R&D, a number of literature suggest international R&D collaboration generates positive impact on quality of patent. For example, Alnuaimi et al. (2012) found international collaboration bring positive influence on patent value measured by patent citation (Alnuaimi et al., 2012). Branstetter Li and Veloso investigated China and India's patents and found that patent with foreign inventor is of higher value measured by patent citation (Branstetter et al., 2014). In summary, there has little attention paid to the influence of International R&D in literature. Also, the influence has scarcely been characterized. International R&D collaboration gives rise to two fundamental issues. First, international R&D requires collaborative interaction to exchange resource, share experience and communicate between at least two teams in different countries. Second, international R&D may generate inventions involving in patent infringement lawsuit which is becoming a routinized business strategy in modern knowledge-based economy. Prior studies in literature leave open the questions of how to understand the collaborative influence and legal value of international R&D collaboration. 2.2. Social Network Theory for Understanding Collaborative Influence Firms collaborate with each other in order to access strategic assets (Baum et al., 2000) or complementary technology (Duysters and Hagedoorn, 1998; Mohnen and Hoareau, 2003). Firms collaborate through various forms of interaction in order to exchange resource and finally develop services or products that can generate higher economic benefit. The existence of a certain number of collaborations allows all these firms to form a network-like structure based on which social network theory was developed. The use of social network theory allows understanding the social relations among these collaborating firms. Social network theory originally studied by sociologist has gradually used in other research fields and become an interdisciplinary concept. Granovetter (1973) proposed the theory of weak tie after his social network research, and argued social network is a proxy of understanding interconnection between microscopic analysis and macroscopic analysis (Granovetter, 1973). In the late 1990s, collaboration between researchers from different fields by the use of social network analysis had been initialized so social network analysis become more interdisciplinary. Watts (2004) published a book entitled ”Six Degrees: The Science of A Connected Age” (Watts, 2004), together with other interdisciplinary works contribute to expansion of small world concept from conventional neuro-science and bio-information system to any natural or human system that can be modeled by network. A social network formed on the basis of resource exchange among firms can be used for understanding how resources are exchanged in this collaboration network, how firms are positioned to influence resource exchange, and which resource exchange is important (Wasserman and Galaskiewicz, 1994; Wellman and Berkowitz, 1988). Each resource exchange can be depicted as a linkage or a tie between a pair of firms. The strength of a network linkage is proportional to how much resources are exchanged or the frequency of resource exchange between two paired firms (Marsden and Campbell, 1984).
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