دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین حفاظت از پلنگ برفی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اشتراک زمین برای حفاظت از پلنگ برفی ضروری است
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Land sharing is essential for snow leopard conservation
سال انتشار : 2016
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله حفاظت از پلنگ برفی اینجا کلیک نمایید.
مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Maintaining viable populations of large carnivores is a major challenge for biodiversity conservation because carnivore food requirements and extensive spatial needs often conflict with human interests (e.g. Treves and Karanth, 2003). In contemporary conservation planning these challenges are manifested in two paradigms, the “coexistence” (land sharing) and the “separation” (land sparing) models (Fischer et al., 2014; Chapron et al., 2014). Both approaches face considerable challenges; land sharing requires human activities to be tolerant enough towards biodiversity, including species that pose a risk to life or property (e.g. livestock), whereas land sparing requires large enough areas to be set aside exclusively for conservation. Although large carnivores can persist in human-dominated landscapes when attitudes and policies are favorable (Linnell et al., 2001; Chapron et al., 2014), challenges posed by conflicts associated with livestock killing, competition for game animals and attacks on humans must be addressed to ensure long-term coexistence (Inskip et al., 2009; Johansson et al., 2015). For land sparing, the size of the protected areas is a key predictor of success in conserving large carnivore populations (Balme et al., 2010; Woodroffe and Ginsberg, 1998). However, land sparing may be ineffi- cient (Liu et al., 2001; Rauset et al., 2016) or not possible when land is expensive or when human exclusion has substantial negative impacts on affected people (Schmidt Soltau, 2003; Bauer et al., 2015). The relative emphasis needed on either approach for conserving a target species largely depends on the species' spatial requirements and social organization. This is because long-term population viability will be determined by: (1) the key drivers of population growth (survival and fecundity), which are a function of habitat quality, including human factors, and (2) stochastic population extinction risk, which will be a function of population size (Caswell, 2000). Thus, key parameters in predicting the size and location of adequate spared land for maintaining viable populations of a target species are its home range size,territoriality, and habitat suitability. In most solitary carnivores, males have larger home ranges than females (Sandell, 1989), and it is therefore necessary to estimate sex-specific home range sizes. Similarly, home ranges can be overlapping or exclusive, which can strongly influence how many individuals occupy an area. Understanding home range size and social organization is critical for predicting the number of animals that can be sustained within conservation areas, and thus for predicting long-term population viability (Balme et al., 2010; Woodroffe and Ginsberg, 2000). Animals with small and overlapping home ranges will require less land than animals with large and/or non-overlapping home ranges. Home range use is also related to habitat quality which is an important determinant of survival and reproduction (Schwartz et al., 2006). With advances in animal tracking technology, it has now become possible to obtain relevant data to understand the spatial ecology of large carnivores and feed the information into conservation planning (Schwartz et al., 2006; Balme et al., 2010). Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) distribution spans 1.2–1.6 million km2 of high mountain habitat in 12 countries of central Asia (Jackson et al., 2010). Snow leopards primarily share the landscape with livestock herders and only a small proportion of the species' range (14–19%) is set aside in protected areas (Deguignet et al., 2014). The snow leopard is classified as endangered by IUCN, where the main threats to the species are retaliatory killing in response to livestock predation, poaching for trade in fur and bones, depletion of wild prey, and habitat degradation and fragmentation resulting from mining and development (Jackson et al., 2008, 2010). It is not clear how effective protected areas are for snow leopard conservation because published information on snow leopard spatial ecology is limited to three studies (Jackson, 1996; Oli, 1997; McCarthy et al., 2005) that were all based on few individuals (n = 3–5) equipped with VHF collars. The information obtained from VHF collars may not be adequate for snow leopards, as preliminary information from studies using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in three different countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan and Mongolia) suggests that snow leopard home ranges may be substantially larger than earlier studies have reported (Johansson et al., 2016). To better assess the scale and land tenure (sharing vs. sparing) where conservation efforts need to be focused, it is critical to obtain accurate information on the spatial requirements and social organization of snow leopards. To achieve this goal we fitted snow leopards of both sexes with GPS collars in Tost, a mountain range in southern Mongolia that was declared as State Reserve in 2016 but was a multiple use area during data collection for this manuscript. Our aims were to (1) generate robust and biologically relevant estimates of sex-specific home range size for snow leopards, (2) estimate the extent of home range overlap for neighbouring individuals to examine territoriality, and (3) compare the size of protected areas throughout the snow leopard range with the home range size of adult snow leopards to assess if snow leopard conservation can rely on current protected areas or if a land sharing approach is required to conserve the species.
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله حفاظت از پلنگ برفی اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
Snow Leopard Trust: Home https://www.snowleopard.org/ The Snow Leopard Trust aims to better understand the endangered snow leopard, ... snow leopard by funding research and community conservation programs. Snow Leopard Trust - Shop · Snow Leopard Facts · About · Our Work Conservation Programs - Snow Leopard Trust https://www.snowleopard.org/our-work/conservation-programs/ Snow leopards live in vast home ranges - some cats have been known to use up to ... Our community-based conservation programs aim to break this cycle of ... China - Snow Leopard Trust https://www.snowleopard.org › Our Work › Where We Work China is home to the largest number of wild snow leopards in the world. ... Conservation Center, a leading Chinese conservation NGO based in Beijing, and cat ... Learn more about Panthera's Snow Leopard Program. - Panthera.org https://www.panthera.org/initiative/snow-leopard-program Big Cats on the Roof of the World: Protecting Asia's Elusive Snow Leopards. Source: CNN. giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@! Global Snow Leopard & Ecosystem Protection Program Saving the ... www.globalsnowleopard.org/ This summer, we invite the global community to join us for a Snow Leopard Conservation Summit and Green Investment Forum in Bishkek and help shape the ... Snow Leopard | Species | WWF https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/snow-leopard A snow leopard was successfully collared in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area on May 8, 2017 making it the fourth one to be collared in Nepal's eastern snow ... Snow Leopard Conservancy | Ensuring snow leopard survival and ... snowleopardconservancy.org/ Ensuring snow leopard survival and conserving mountain landscapes by ... Discovery of Three Snow Leopard Subspecies Creates New Conservation ... Searches related to snow leopard conservation how can we help save snow leopards laws protecting snow leopards how can we help snow leopards from being extinct how to save leopards from extinction how can we save leopards snow leopard conservation groups snow leopard endangered snow leopard facts
