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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
جنسیت و محدودیت های کارآفرینی در آفریقا: شواهد جدید از سوازیلند
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Gender and constraints to entrepreneurship in Africa: New evidence from Swaziland
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Policy makers in developing countries, including in Africa, have become well aware of the positive impacts that productive entrepreneurship can have on structural transformation and poverty reduction (Acs and Varga, 2005; Brixiová, 2010; Baliamoune-Lutz, 2011). Interest in entrepreneurship as a source of job creation in Africa, especially for women or youth, has also grown (Amin, 2010; Hallward-Dremier, 2011; Baliamoune et al., 2014, Brixiová et al., 2015). For women globally, besides economic benefits productive entrepreneurship presents an opportunity for empowerment and better integration into the society (Blomqvist et al., 2014). Utilizing a recent survey from Swaziland, this paper contributes to literature on gender and entrepreneurial performance in Africa. It first identifies performance disparities (in terms of sales levels and growth) between the early stage men and women entrepreneurs. Two reasons motivate our interest in the early-stage entrepreneurship: (i) the definition of entrepreneurship which emphasizes the start-up process, as in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and (ii) hypothesis from Bardasi et al. (2009) that gender barriers to entrepreneurship are likely to be more pronounced during the entry stage of the entrepreneurial process. Our empirical analysis of a survey of entrepreneurs in Swaziland confirmed the importance of start-up capital for entrepreneurial performance, measured in sales. We also found that women entrepreneurs have smaller start-up capital and are less likely to fund it from the formal sector than their men counterparts, pointing to a possible room for policy interventions. Further, while business training is positively associated with sales performance of men entrepreneurs, it has no effect on women. However further research is needed to draw policy conclusions from the latter finding. For example, the underperformance of female entrepreneurs who received training can stem from lower previous education and work experience among women than men. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the literature. Section 3 outlines definition of entrepreneurship used in this paper and discusses methodology. Section 4 presents the results of empirical analysis. Section 5 concludes with policy recommendations
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کلمات کلیدی:
Addressing Constraints to Women Entrepreneurship in Africa www.worldbank.org/en/.../addressing-constraints-to-women-entrepreneurship-in-afric... Sep 9, 2015 - Join World Bank representatives from the Gender Innovation Lab and ... on the women entrepreneurship Africa work program, and the research ... Gender and Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa - World bank documents documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/573691468204244355/pdf/WPS5571.pdf 2011 - Cited by 36 - Related articles Keywords: Access to financial services; Gender; Entrepreneurship .... find that African enterprises are more financially constrained and that larger firms have ... Gender and Enterprise Development in Africa: A Cross-Country ... isser.edu.gh/genda/index.php/about-the-project Consequently, addressing gender-specific barriers to entrepreneurship and ... to which the constraints and obstacles faced by women and men entrepreneurs ... [PPT]INFORMAL FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS: CONSTRAINTS AND ... https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Events/5.../Session%203_Vanek.ppt Dec 6, 2013 - Entrepreneurship in Informal Employment Gender Perspective. Joann Vanek ... Africa to 52 % in Zimbabwe to 82% in Mali. East and Southeast ... Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Strategic Management ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1438933924 John O. Ogbor, Ph. D. John O. Ogbor - 2009 - Business & Economics Gender differences and its associated inequality, including their manifestation in ... Africa are reflected in a number of gender-specific constraints in Africa.
