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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
ثبت اختراع در خارج از کشور: شواهد از کشورهای OECD
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Patenting abroad: Evidence from OECD countries
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Theoretical background and hypotheses setting
Because national patents protect inventions only in domestic markets, inventors may decide to patent abroad. It is a fact that patenting abroad has increased dramatically during the last three decades as data from the WIPO database reveal. From the same database, however, we conclude that a fraction of national patents is also patented abroad. Some of the inventions do not have any economic value (Cohen and Levin, 1989) and consequently the patentees would never try to patent abroad given that patenting abroad bear significant administrative and financial costs1 . Then again, some of the patentees who could put into effect the commercial exploitation of their patents do not identify a technological or entrepreneurial opportunity and subsequently leave their patents idle at the national patent office (Goniadis and Varsakelis, 2012). From the patentees that, eventually, exploited commercially their patents in the national market, some do not aim at an international route and some others do not patent abroad because they cannot see technological or entrepreneurial opportunities in other markets. The patentees, who recognise a technological or entrepreneurial opportunity in international markets and aim at the international exploitation of their patent, examine next whether this opportunity is country specific (usually the home country) or generic. If the invention is home specific, the patentees do not have an economic incentive to patent abroad. If the invention is generic, a potential economic value exists, even with some minor modifications of the invention, and the patentees consider the case of patenting abroad. To the extent that patentees perceive the potential economic value of their patents in foreign markets they should examine the countries where patenting their inventions is profitable. They compare the potential economic benefit from the patent with the cost of patenting in the specific country. This cost-benefit analysis influences the selection decision of the countries that are worth to patenting at. Hence, the decision to patent abroad takes a strategic character rather than of a simple short run decision. Internationalization strategy may follow three tracks: exports, licensing and foreign direct investment (FDI). Foreign direct investment used to follow the stand alone strategy in the previous decades, that is a production unit produced the entire product to serve the destination market. However, this strategy has changed during the last decades and multinational firms try to optimize their production process by increasingly locating the various stages across different countries; they are organized within global value chains (GVCs)2 , as illustrated by the high correlation between FDI stocks in countries and their GVCs participation index (OECD, 2014). In the case of GVC, the mother company transfers knowledge to its subsidiary in the foreign country related to the specific stage of production (e.g. a certain piece of machinery). Based on this fact, the local rival firms could replicate only this partial knowledge. Therefore, patenting in the destination country might not be economically beneficial since GVCs spread in a large number of countries and the patent document “total knowledge” is difficult to match with specific stages of production. We argue that the firms organised as GVC are more interested in patenting in the final product markets (domestic or foreign). To our knowledge, literature so far has analysed the flow of intangibles in a supply chain context by case studies only (Hall and Andriani, 1998; Choi et al., 2004) where there was privileged access to firm data. According to recently published data from OECD (October 2015; OECD-WTO TiVA initiative3 , but they are presented in five-year intervals for the period 1995–2008 and annual thereafter) the Foreign Value Added Share of Gross Exports averages range from 11.2% in Japan to 54.2% in Luxembourg for the period of 1995–2011. Overall for the large, in terms of patenting abroad, OECD countries this share is lower than 25%. In summary, for the reasons presented above, although the GVCs are admittedly important in the context of global manufacturing and value chain (e.g. Hall et al., 2011) we opt to focus on gross international trade data.
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