دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین تکنولوژی محیط زیست ژاپن از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
استراتژی تحقیق و توسعه تکنولوژی محیط زیست در ژاپن: مطالعه مقایسه ای در بخش خصوصی و دولتی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Research and development strategy for environmental technology in Japan: A comparative study of the private and public sectors
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Methodology
We apply a decomposition analysis framework to identify the factors driving environmental patent applications in Japan. To decompose patent applications related to environmental technology, we use four indicators: [1] the priority of a specific environmental technology (PRIORITY), [2] the share of all patent applications focusing on environmental technology (ENVSHARE), [3] the efficiency of R&D expenditures in patents (EFFICIENCY), and [4] the scale of R&D activities (SCALE). We define the PRIORITY indicator as the number of specific environmental technology patent applications divided by the total number of environmental patent applications, yielding the share of patent applications for specific technologies. The value of the indicator increases if the number of specific environmental technology patent applications increases more rapidly than the total number of environmental patent applications, thus indicating that inventors have concentrated their research resources on a specific environmental technology. We can infer that inventors assign higher priority to specific environmental technologies over other types of environmental technologies if PRIORITY increases.4 Similarly, the ENVSHARE indicator is defined as the total number of environmental patent applications divided by total number of patent applications, yielding the share of total environmental patent applications. The value of this indicator increases if the number of total environmental patent applications increases more rapidly than the number of total patent applications, thus indicating that inventors have concentrated their research resources on environmental technologies. Inventors assign higher priority to inventing environmental technologies over other types if ENVSHARE increases. EFFICIENCY indicates the efficiency of patent generation based on R&D expenditures. During the R&D process, expenditures are considered the input and the number of patents is treated as the output. Thus, the number of patents produced by R&D expenditures reflects the efficiency of the expenditures. This efficiency clearly differs by technological classification (e.g., technologies that require expensive materials for experiments yield few patents for a given amount of R&D spending). This study tries to capture the efficiency of R&D expenditures and the composition of patent technologies by EFFICIENCY.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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