دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین توسعه پایدار انرژی زیستی با یارانه دولتی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
چگونه یارانه های دولتی منجر به توسعه پایدار انرژی زیستی می شود
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
How government subsidy leads to sustainable bioenergy development
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
The intensive and excessive use of non-renewable fossil fuels emits a considerable quantity of GHG emissions, resulting in global climate change, which potentially has significant and irreversible impacts to human society and the world (IPCC, 2007). To avoid these undesirable results, it is a high priority to find a low-carbon fuel that ensures both the sustainability of human society and climate stability (Eom et al., 2015; Kung and Zhang, 2015; Lyer et al., 2015). Bioenergy meets such needs and has been studied and adopted in the USA and Europe for decades. However, certain literature indicates that bioenergy may not achieve the goal of carbon sequestration if it is not produced properly or if it results in a sudden major shift in land use (Fargione et al., 2008; Searchinger et al., 2008). Fargione et al. (2008) note that the production process of bioenergy is the key to make it a potential lowcarbon source because it significantly affects the net effect of biomass energy (Field and Campbell, 2008). With such uncertainties, the researchers note that it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis regarding the effects of biofuel production. Because several studies have shown that energy prices, emission tax and government subsidy can largely affect the production of bioenergy (Drabik et al., 2015; Rivers and Schaufele, 2015; Storm et al., 2015), the work analyzes the production effects on agricultural commodities and bioenergy by simulating several potential energy prices and subsidies. Lifecycle analysis is a typical method involved in such comprehensive analysis to examine the net GHG offset ability of bioenergy. Wang (2007) shows that ethanol can offset significant CO2 emissions in a well-to-wheel analysis. Moreover, innovation on ethanol technology reduces the net emission from production process and makes it more environmentally friendly (Arvizu, 2008). Tso and Su (2009) indicate that, if ethanol is produced by sweet sorghum, corn and wet sweet potato, it can effectively offset emissions, which implies a positive effect on the environment and on climate change mitigation. Although the production cost of ethanol is high and requires government support to sustain its production, it is very likely to decline as biomass-to-ethanol conversion technology improves (Campiche et al., 2010). For example, ethanol electricity is another important form of bioenergy. McCarl and Schneider (2000) employ an economic model to evaluate the carbon displacement potential from agricultural feedstocks. Moreover, McCarl (2008) shows that the emissions offset rate for electricity is higher than that for ethanol because the hauling distance is, in general, shorter because lower feedstock volumes are required and because the hotter burning caused by the presence of coal increases the feedstock heat recovery. In addition to co-firing, pyrolysis is another means to generate electricity. With proper application, pyrolysis can grab carbon from the atmosphere and actually reduce the CO2 concentration (Deluca et al., 2009; Lehmann, 2007; Lehmann et al., 2006). McCarl et al. (2009) shows that pyrolysis can have offset efficiencies greater than 100% when compared with the emissions of the fossil fuel inputs that are replaced. Therefore, in contrast to the ethanol and conventional electricity that continue to emit CO2, pyrolysis is considered as a better technology because of its carbon negative property. To achieve this environmental benefit, biochar, a byproduct, must be applied as a soil amendment simultaneously.
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کلمات کلیدی:
The Impact of Subsidies on the Ecological Sustainability ... - NCBI - NIH https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC) by JJ Heymans - 2011 - Cited by 22 - Related articles May 26, 2011 - Capacity-enhancing subsidies lead to disinvestments in natural capital ... of dollars to continue fishing: governments are therefore effectively ... Government Subsidies: Silent Killer Of Renewable Energy - Forbes https://www.forbes.com/.../government-subsidies-silent-killer-of-renewable-energy/ Feb 14, 2013 - Government Subsidies: Silent Killer Of Renewable Energy ... long, and only a small portion of the research results in commercially viable products. ... And the solar industry is both an affordable and sustainable source of clean ... [PDF]Energy Subsidy Reform and Sustainable ... - the United Nations www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp14.pdf Apr 27, 2001 - Prices that do not reflect production and supply costs lead to an inefficient .... Government subsidies can help to compensate for this and. Searches related to government subsidy leads to sustainable examples of perverse subsidies perverse subsidies definition perverse subsidies meaning in the short term, some humans may benefit from which of the following climate change effects?
