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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تغییرات سازمانی و تحول سیستم نوآوری: داستان دو آکادمی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Institutional change and innovation system transformation: A tale of two academies
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Institutions and transition: understanding and demarking change
An ‘institution’ is defined by its ‘hard’ components, which can be described as ‘the rules of the game’ (North, 1990) or ‘schemas’, and ‘soft’ components - resources, or social networks, which sustain the ‘hard’ components (Clemens and Cook, 1999). Much scholarship has been produced on institutions and how they are structured, function, and change. Understanding the scale and scope of institutional transformation requires the concept of a wider ‘systems of institutions’ (Roland, 2008) that share ‘complementarities’ (Aoki, 2008). There is interdependence between institutions and the systems into which they are embedded (Hira and Hira, 2000; Peters, 2005; Pierson, 2004). Comparisons of systems of institutions can lead to wider interpretive models, for instance, in work on the varieties of capitalism, which highlights how comparative differences in institutional and political dynamics contribute to distinctive paths of growth and distribution (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2015; Piketty, 2014). Country-level approaches to the study of institutional change have tended to differ. In developed countries, institutions are usually seen as mature, with a focus on continuous and incremental institutional modification (Crouch and Keune, 2005; Vogel, 2005). In contrast, in developing countries there is more attention to institutional building, institutional disruption, and interactions of formal and informal institutions (Estrin and Prevezer, 2011; Grzymala-Busse, 2010; Slater, 2010). Institutional change in the developing world is typically viewed in a paradigm of discontinuous change that occurs as a consequence of exogenous shocks to unstable institutional environments (Slater, 2010; Weyland, 2008). We note, however, recent calls to reconcile these perspectives on abrupt/discontinuous change and incremental/ continuous change (Mahoney and Thelen, 2010; Streeck and Thelen, 2005). Post-socialist transformations have been a special case in the stream of research on institutional change as new institutional schemas were introduced into post-socialist contexts (Appel, 2004; Boettke et al., 2008; Crouch and Keune, 2005; Kornai, 2008; Smallbone and Welter, 2012). Major ruptures in system trajectories and frameworks have occurred, for example, the collapse of the Soviet Union, which precipitated the formation of current-day Russia. Yet, institutions have proven to be deeply embedded. Institutional change remains a core problem for postsocialist economies. Russia, still heavily reliant on natural resources (Puffer and McCarthy, 2007), seeks modernisation of institutions that could promote broader economic innovation. China struggles to find balance between external pressures, extensive accumulative growth and new technological priorities, under central government direction (Bell and Feng, 2007; Gabriele, 2002). In both countries, there are challenges of shaping new institutions, dealing with institutional inertia (Chen, 2008), and transforming existing institutions so they work more effectively (Amable, 2000). The issues become ever more pressing in the context of the global shift to innovation-based models of development, where strong science and technology systems influence the competitive advantage of national economies (Archibugi and Pietrobelli, 2003; Fagerberg et al., 2007; Fagerberg and Srholec, 2008; Porter, 1998).
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کلمات کلیدی:
Regional economic transformation and the innovation system of Styria ... www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09654319708720383 by F Tödtling - 1997 - Cited by 51 - Related articles Broader and more lasting effects of renewal can be achieved if firms are part of a 'regional innovation system' and not just individual isolated actors. Styria is an ... Asia's Innovation Systems in Transition https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1847201733 Bengt- ke Lundvall, Patarapong Intarakumnerd, Jan Vang - 2006 - Technology & Engineering chapter, we concentrate on policies that are oriented for fundamental transformation of national innovation systems. Fundamental transformation of innovation ... Transformation of Higher Education in Innovation Systems in China ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9514492684 Yuzhuo Cai, Vuokko Kohtamäki - 2014 - Education, Higher Nowadays, the relationship between universities and regional innovation system has aroused a nation-wide concern of the academic field, leading to the ... System Innovation - OECD Project | Innovation Policy Platform https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org/system-innovation-oecd-project The OECD project on System Innovation is undertaken in the framework of the ... on 'Technology Development and Demonstration for System Transformation' at ...
