دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین تاثیرات بازار کار مناطق زراعی صادرات در حضور بیکاری از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تاثیرات بازار کار مناطق زراعی صادرات در حضور بیکاری
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Labor market effects of export processing zones in the presence of unemployment
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. Effect on the wage structure, the unemployment and the skill composition in the host country
Suppose that the proportionate increase in wage (γt) and the proportionate change in employment rate (ρt) are such that the expected wage goes up. 3.1. Foreign and host country wage gap and skilled-unskilled wage gap In the presence of unemployment in the host country the offshore wage of the unskilled worker in the revelation period, Wt tL ′(=λ W ), will be lower than that with full employment in the mainland,Wt , (see Fig. 2A). In each period 1 < t ≤ n, both W′t and Wt will rise for each new batch of workers. With full employment in the host country as t increases, the number of period these new workers can earn skill premium is reduced. So Wt rises to make up for that loss. With unemployment, the loss in premium as t (as a starting period) rises, comes from two sources: i) the number of period the workers can earn premium is reduced ii) the size of the premium (the difference between the expected wage and the off-shore wage) is reduced as expected wage of unskilled workers in the host country increases by varying γ ρt t in each period. Thus, the reduction in the skill premium will be higher with unemployment in the host country than that with full employment. As a result, W′t will rise more steeply in the following periods compared to the rise of Wt (Fig. 2A). Furthermore, from period n + 1 when all foreign workers have been replaced (period n) the foreign firms will have to pay the newly skilled workers a wage, WL ∏ γ t n =2 t (=W ′ L or unskilled workers’ wage in the main land at that time), that is higher than the wage, WL, paid to the local workers with full employment in the host country . The opening up of the offshore production in the presence of the endogenous wage distortion in the host country thus changes the wage structure of the unskilled workers of the mainland in two distinct ways. It not only creates a wedge between the wage received by those who reveal their latent skill, WS* or WL ∏ γ t n =2 t (after period n), and the expected wage of those who reveal to be unskilled and remain unemployed , λt L W ργ ∏ ( ) t n =2 t t , but, in addition, it changes the wage levels of employed unskilled workers in the mainland in each period until all foreign workers have left the off-shore production (i.e. period n) from WL to WL ∏ γ t n =2 t (or W′ L) . Thus, it reduces the wage gap not only between foreign skilled and local skilled workers in the enclave, but it also reduces the skilled-unskilled wage gap in the mainland. Under full employment the wage gap between foreign workers and the newly skilled offshore workers (after all foreign workers are gone) is WS * − WL; under unemployment this gap reduces to WS L * − W γ ∏t n =2 t. This tendency towards reduced disparity of world's skilled wages is possible because of the endogenous wage distortion in the unskilled labor market of the host country. Furthermore, under full employment the skilled/unskilled wage gap is WH L − W ; under unemployment this gap is WH L − W γ ∏t n =2 t . Thus, compared to the situation when there is full employment in the host country, migrant unskilled workers under unemployment will earn a premium in each period after the revelation no matter whether they possess the hidden skill. The total lifetime premium will also be higher than what it will be under full employment. This would have implications for the profit expectations of the foreign entrepreneurs (shown in Section 3.3 using Fig. 2A and B). 3.2. Skill composition I will now describe how the offshore production changes the labor composition of the host country. Before production starts in the offshore area, the host country has two types of workers H (skilled workers) and E (total unskilled workers of which L is employed). As the offshore production activities start, a different group of skilled labor or local skilled workers usable only in foreign firms, H′, is created in the offshore area. The total number of skilled workers, H , equals H + H′. The total number of unskilled workers is E − ′= H E′. Since H < H and E > E′, H /E′ will rise. Thus offshore production raises skilled-unskilled labor ratio in the host country. Furthermore, since a bigger size of the total mainland workers (both skilled and unskilled) are now employed and since unskilled employed workers in the host country earn higher wage compared to the wage before the offshore production starts, the host country enjoys an increase in total income. This will generate additional savings/ investment. New capital goods (special input, K) would be created. From our discussion of skill formation in Section 2.1, we can see that it would be possible for the host country to increase the size of its skilled workforce suitable only for mainland production from H to H′′. The total number of skilled workers is now H͠= + ′+ ″ HH H and this will increase skilled/unskilled labor composition further.
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کلمات کلیدی:
[PDF]export processing zones (EPZs) - International Initiative for Impact ... www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer/2014/04/07/sr_10.pdf by X Cirera - 2014 - Cited by 12 - Related articles Apr 7, 2014 - The impact of export processing zones on employment ..... affect labour market outcomes, Figure 1 presents the EPZ theory of change. The. [PDF]Economic and social effects of export processing zones in Costa Rica citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.623.8621&rep=rep1... by M Jenkins - Cited by 35 - Related articles processing zones (EPZs) in Costa Rica and tests for backward linkages from firms in ... on average paid more than workers outside of zones and that working ..... With respect to the diversification of export markets, the contribution of the EPZ. Searches related to Labor market effects of export processing export processing zones advantages disadvantages pdf advantages and disadvantages of export processing zone in nigeria export processing zones pros and cons export processing zone (epz) export processing zones are important because problems of export promotion zone role of export processing zones export processing zones pdf
