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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تاثیر جوامع میکروبی در شیمی شهد گل دار: پیامدهای بالقوه برای کنترل بیولوژیک آفت حشرات
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Impact of microbial communities on floral nectar chemistry: Potential implications for biological control of pest insects
سال انتشار : 2015
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Biological control programs that utilise biological control agents (BCAs; natural enemies), such as predatory insects and mites or parasitoids, to reduce the number of pest insects have become increasingly important in insect pest management. Predators, such as lady beetles and lacewings, are mainly free-living species that consume a large number of preys during their lifetime, thereby reducing the number of prey insects. Parasitoids, on the other hand, are species whose immature stage develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host. By far, the order of Hymenoptera (harbouring many parasitoid wasp species) comprisesthe largest group of parasitoids, and constitutesthe overall most important group of natural enemies used in the biological control of insects. However, success of biological control largely depends on the availability of sugar-rich food sources, e.g. to cover the energetic needs of adult parasitoids or to supplement the diet of predators, especially in periods when insufficient preys are available (Wäckers & van Rijn, 2012). Therefore, supplying sugar resources such as specific sugar solutions (Jacob & Evans, 1998) or nectar-producing plants is more and more used to enhance BCA efficacy, both for naturally occurring BCAs and BCAs that are released in the environment to boost the presence of natural enemies (Gurr, Wratten, Tylianakis, Kean, & Keller, 2005; Winkler, Wäckers, Bukovinszkine-Kiss, & Van Lenteren, 2006). In contrast to pure sugarsolutions, nectar hasthe advantage that it provides BCAs with essential amino acids as well, which can contribute to egg production and maturation (Chambers, 1988). Floral nectar mainly consists of mono- and disaccharides of which sucrose, glucose and fructose are by far the most common and abundant. Additionally, other carbohydrates such as melezitose, maltose, raffinose and melibiose have been found in several nectars, although in low concentrations (Baker & Baker, 1983). It may be expected that nectar also contains(traces of)sugarsthat occur abundantly in other plantsubstances ortissues. One such group of plantsugars are the fructans,fructose-based oligo- and polymers, which function as reserve carbohydrates in many plant species (Hendry, 1993; Van Laere & Van den Ende, 2002), but their potential occurrence in nectar remains undescribed. Although sugars clearly dominate the totalsolutesin nectars, they also contain amino acids and other compounds such as lipids, minerals and vitamins, though at a much lower extent (Nicolson & Thornburg, 2007). While sugars represent a major energy source, amino acids can affect the attractiveness of nectar by providing taste to nectar (Gardener & Gillman, 2002; Nepi, 2014). Although it has generally been assumed that the properties of nectar represent intrinsic plant features that are stable in time, recently it has been shown that nectar is commonly inhabited by microorganisms (see Pozo, Lievens, & Jacquemyn, 2015 for a recent overview) that may change the chemistry of nectar. For example, nectar-inhabiting microorganisms have been shown to alter the nectar sugar and/or amino acid composition and concentration and pH (Herrera, García, & Pérez, 2008; Canto & Herrera, 2012; Vannette, Gauthier, & Fukami, 2013), and therefore positively or negatively affect nectar attractiveness and usefulness for pollinators (Herrera, Pozo, & Medrano, 2013; Vannette, Gauthier & Fukami, 2013; Good, Gauthier, Vannette, & Fukami, 2014; Schaeffer, Phillips, Duryea, Andicoechea, & Irwin, 2014). Additionally, nectar-inhabiting microorganisms may contribute to overall flower scent (Golonka, Obi Johnson, Freeman, & Hinson, 2014) and contribute to insect attraction by odour production (Davis & Landolt, 2013). Altogether, these studies show that nectar-inhabiting microorganisms may have a major impact on the quality of nectar as a resource for pollinators. Likewise, it is reasonable to assume that nectar-inhabiting microorganisms may also affect the suitability of nectar for BCAs by changing the nectar chemistry, and therefore also the suitability of nectar-producing plants in biological control programs. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of nectar-inhabiting microorganisms on nectar chemistry of three co-flowering plant species (Borago officinalis L.,Centaurea cyanus L. and Symphytum officinale L.) that are commonly included in commercial seed mixtures as nectar resources for BCAs. First, we assessed abundance and visitation rates of BCAs on these plant species grown in experimental plant communities. Secondly, we investigated whether the nectar of these plant species may be prone to microbial contamination and compared microbial community structure between species. Further, we investigated the impact of the nectar-inhabiting microorganisms on nectar chemistry by assessing changes in nectar sugars and amino acids. Finally, results are discussed in relation to the potential impact on BCA efficacy
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کلمات کلیدی:
Biological Control and Natural Enemies of Invertebrates Management ... ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74140.html Biocontrol provided by these living organisms, collectively called “natural enemies,” is especially important for reducing the numbers of pest insects and mites. Biological Control - Pests in gardens and landscapes - UC IPM ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/menu.biocontrol.html Biological control provided by these living organisms (collectively called "natural enemies") is especially important for reducing the numbers of pest insects and ... [PDF]Biological Control of Insect Pests on Field Crops in Kansas - Soybean ... www.soybeanresearchinfo.com/pdf_docs/biocontrol_MF2222_KS.PDF by JP Michaud - Cited by 2 - Related articles Biological Control of Insect Pests on Field Crops in Kansas. Biological Control. In the simplest terms, biological control is the reduction of pest populations ... Biological Control - NC State University https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/text19/biocontrol.html Nov 4, 2003 - Insect species often become "pests" when this ecological balance is disrupted by natural events or human intervention. Biological pest control ... Types of Biological Control « Landscape IPM landscapeipm.tamu.edu/types-of-pest-control/biological-2/types/ The importation of such natural enemies is classic biological control. ... to attract and conserve beneficial insects in and around pest-prone or pest-infested sites, ... [PDF]Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and ... - Cabi www.cabi.org/uploads/projectsdb/.../Greathead%20and%20Greathead%20BIOCAT.p... by DJ Greathead - 1992 - Cited by 139 - Related articles pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database. D.I. Greathead and A.H. Greathead. International Institute of Biological Control, Silwood Park,. Searches related to biological control of pest insects biological pest control advantages what is biological control and give an example biological control of pests pdf biological control of insect pests ppt biological control of pests ielts biological control pdf classical biological control define biological control
