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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
روان شناسی کارآفرینی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The psycholinguistics of entrepreneurship
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
When you’re in a company, running a company, everything keeps you up at night. It's mainly that you’re at a company that's not yet profitable, and you’re stressed about everything. [Entrepreneur from our dataset] Entrepreneurship has been called an “emotional journey” (Cardon et al., 2012). As entrepreneurs build their companies, they face challenges including high uncertainty, work overload, managing individuals, and the need to raise capital (Baron et al., 2013). Thus it is commonly assumed that, along with the higher satisfaction they derive from their accomplishments, entrepreneurs experience higher levels of stress and negative emotions (Schneider et al., 2000). As entrepreneurship is a process of self-organizing it has been shown to be closely associated with well-being (Shir, 2015). Most studies have relied on indicators such as GDP or income to capture the relationship between entrepreneurship and well-being (Wiklund et al., 2016). Emotions and work-life concerns are important and intertwined facets of well-being. Understanding emotions and work-life concerns of entrepreneurs is important because of three reasons (Baron, 2008). Firstly, research on emotions has shown that they are more salient when a task is highly relevant to an individual, such as in the case of entrepreneurs who are deeply committed to their ideas they experience emotions and concerns more intensely (Delgado‐García et al., 2012). Secondly, emotions can impact decision-making when tasks are complex or atypical. Entrepreneurs work in situations that stretch the limits of their cognitive capabilities and hence emotions can serve as in important antecedent to decision-making (Rauch and Frese, 2007). Thirdly, worklife concerns can decrease the likelihood of exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities (Kirkwood and Tootell, 2008).The lack of empirical evidence probing emotions and work-life balance is a major gap in the entrepreneurship literature. The recent study by Patzelt and Shepherd (2011) is one exception, in which the authors systematically study differences in positive and negative emotions between the self-employed and other types of workers. Based on their findings, we expect entrepreneurs to have higher positive emotions and lower negative emotions than the general population, despite their poorer work-life balance. Our first research question in this study is, “Are entrepreneurs, on average, happier than the general population?” A crucial related question (not covered by Patzelt and Shepherd (2011)) is how entrepreneurial emotions change over time. The temporal aspect is important, as the early phases of a venture are marked by a process of learning and adaptation. In particular, after entrepreneurs have successfully raised money, they enjoy the reassurance of the capital they have secured, but may also face new pressures from investors. Assuming entrepreneurs can indeed cope with the challenges of running a new venture, we would expect their negative emotions to subside over time. We would also expect entrepreneurs to be more immersed in their work, and less committed to leisure and family. Our second research question is, “How do emotions and work-life balance evolve during the fundraising cycle?” Finally, we also expect entrepreneurs to use work as a method for coping with the challenges of a new venture; thus, we expect work to be negatively associated with negative emotions. To study the emotions and work-life balance of entrepreneurs and the general population, we rely on the language that both groups use. Previous research has shown that language is a robust means for revealing individuals’ work-life concerns and emotions (Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010). We investigate our research questions with a content analysis of Twitter updates (“Tweets”). Twitter data overcomes several limitations of traditional data sources such as surveys, avoiding response and recall biases and offering a real-time window into people's thoughts over long periods (Ritter et al., 2013). Additionally, content analysis of Twitter helps us collect data on our constructs, emotions, and concerns simultaneously. By understanding how entrepreneurs express emotions and work-life concerns differently from others, we can better understand the affective side of entrepreneurship and obtain a fine-grained view of the temporal evolution of emotions and work-life concerns during key stages of the entrepreneurial process. Our novel, extensive dataset lends itself very well to this exploratory analysis.
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