دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین بازسازی ظرفیت حمل و نقل از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
به حداکثر رساندن میزان بازدهی سرمایه مورد استفاده در بازسازی ظرفیت حمل و نقل
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Maximizing the rate of return on the capital employed in shipping capacity renewal
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. The renewal of maritime shipping capacity
The MFRP is a special version of MRPs and CEPs due to routing constraints. The objective is to seek an investment mix which is sound in some economical sense (typically cost efficient) and respects operating constraints. In what follows, we sketch the main features of the problem, while a detailed description can be found in Pantuso et al. [31]. The MFRP consists of deciding, for each time period, how many ships of each type to add to or remove from the available fleet. Ships can be bought in the second-hand market, or built. In the former case, the company must choose from the ships available in the market but the ship is available in short time (typically weeks to months). In the latter case the ship can be built according to the company's specifics but the building process takes longer time (typically years). Ship prices depend, to a great extent, on the type of ship, its age, and on the market status. Ships can be disposed of by selling them in the second-hand market or scrapping (demolishing) them. In both cases the ship can be removed from the fleet in weeks to months. Scrapping rates depend to a great extent on the weight of the steel the ship is made of, and are therefore sensitive to changes in steel prices. A necessary distinction must be made. In the shipping business there exist two broad types of players interested in investing in ships, which we will refer to as speculators and ship operators. Speculators see ships as an asset to trade. Their main scope is buying ships in order to sell them at a higher price when the market allows so. They do not necessarily have competencies in shipping operations, but see ships as a marketable asset. Ship operators, on the contrary, buy ships to operate them. Their business model consists of using ships to provide transportation services. Finer classifications, though possible, are beyond the scope of this paper. In what follows we refer to the ship operator type of player. When deciding how to modify the available fleet, investors must take into account how the fleet is operated. This includes both the possibility of temporary adjustments to the fleet and the utilization (i.e., the sailing activities) of the available fleet. Temporary adjustments to the fleet are mainly done by means of time charters, which consist of hiring a ship and its crew for a period time (weeks to years). The charterer pays a (per day) fee as well as all sailing-related expenses, such as fuel and port fees. The owner of the ship bears the rest of the costs, such as capital cost, crew, and insurance. Any shipping company can, in general, act both as a charterer and a charteree, depending on the specific need. Fleets can also be temporarily scaled down by laying-up ships, which consists of stopping ships at port for a period of time, paying port fees but reducing operating expenses such as manning, storages, and, possibly, insurance.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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