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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نسبتهای ایزوتوپ پایدار در نمونه گرفته شده همراه شتاب دهی گرادیان باقرقره صخره آلپی و باقرقره شکم سیاه
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Stable isotope ratios in alpine rock ptarmigan and black grouse sampled along a precipitation gradient
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Astypical for mountainous areas, the European Alpsshow a high diversity of different climate zones on a relatively small scale, mainly driven by the continuous temperature decrease with elevation (Frey & Lösch 2004). In addition, the European Alps form a barrier against weather fronts, which leads to higher precipitation at the edges and drier conditions in the central areas (Frey & Lösch 2004). As temperature and moisture are important determinants of the ecological niche of plants and animals (Begon, Townsend, & Harper, 2006), this diversity in Alpine climate habitats is also reflected in the diversity of habitats and species. This richness in Alpine wildlife is, however,severely affected by anthropogenic influences, such as the use of pastures and changes in grazing regimes (Meusburger & Alewell 2008; Patthey, Signorell, Rotelli, & Arlettaz, 2012; Paschetta et al., 2013), installation of hydroelectric power plants (Truffer, Markard, Bratrich, & Wehrli, 2001; Fette, Weber, Peter, & Wehrli, 2007), or recreational snow sport activities (Braunisch, Patthey, & Arlettaz, 2010; Negro, Isaia, Palestrini, Schoenhofer, & Rolando, 2010).In addition, theEuropeanAlps are one ofthe areaswith the strongest observed warming trend worldwide, regionally showing increases of 1–2 ◦C of average annual air temperature during the 20th century (Begert, Schlegel, & Kirchhofer, 2005; Parolo & Rossi 2008). Along with further temperature increases, climate models for the European Alps predict changes in precipitation patterns, with generally drier summers and wetter winters (including rain), and an increase of extreme weather events including extreme rainfalls but also temporal droughts (Zimmermann, Gebetsroither, Züger, Schmatz, & Psomas, 2013; Gobiet et al., 2014). These climatological effectswill lead to an elevation ofthe tree line,which is partly already visible (Dullinger, Dirnböck, & Grabherr, 2004). In addition to land use changes we will likely observe a reduction in size of high-alpine meadow habitats that goes along with an overall biodiversity loss (Dirnböck, Dullinger, & Grabherr, 2003; Engler et al., 2011). Many of the now threatened high-altitude species are relict speciesthat have survived in mountainous areassince the last glacial period, boosting local biodiversity (Ohlemüller et al., 2008; Dirnböck, Essl, & Rabitsch, 2011). Two prominent and closely related species that form relict populations in the European Alps are rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) and black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). Rock ptarmigan are found in rocky areas above the tree line (from about 1800 m and up to more than 3000 m) (Glutz von Blotzheim, Bauer, & Bezzel, 1973; Pernollet, Korner-Nievergelt, & Jenni, 2015). In contrast, black grouse show a boreal distribution, with the main alpine habitat being the upper forest edge, i.e. the area of the tree line (Glutz von Blotzheim et al. 1973). Populations of both species in the European Alps were considered as stable until the mid-1990s (Schmid, Luder, Naef-Daenzer, Graf, & Zbinden, 1998; Peronace, Cecere, Gustin, & Rondinini, 2012). However, in the following decade rock ptarmigan declined by about 30% in both Switzerland (Keller, Gerber, Schmid, Volet, & Zbinden, 2010) and Italy (Peronace et al. 2012). In the same period, black grouse numbers declined by up to 20% in Italy (Peronace et al. 2012). Whether these declining trends that also persist on a global scale (Storch 2007) are already caused by the effects of climate change, or potentially other anthropogenic influences, is unknown and analyses are aggravated by the fact that population declines vary in size among regions (Furrer et al. 2016). However, with ongoing climate change effects, both rock ptarmigan and black grouse will have to track the shift of the tree line to higher elevations, a trend that is already visible in rock ptarmigan (Pernollet et al. 2015). Especially under warmingscenarios exceeding 2 ◦C, both species will furthermore suffer from a loss in suitable habitat (Revermann, Schmid, Zbinden, Spaar, & Schroder, 2012; Zurell et al., 2012). Both rock ptarmigan and black grouse feed predominantly on plants, especially on leafs and buds of heather (Ericacea), including bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) as well as dwarf willows (Salix herbacea, Salix retusa) and – especially young chicks – also on insects(Glutz von Blotzheim et al. 1973; Lieser, Zakrzewski, & Sittler, 1997; Bertermann, Weber-Sparenberg, Pechura, Renard, & Bergmann, 1998; Starling-Westerberg 2001; Beeston, Baines, & Richardson, 2005). Habitat suitability models for the presence of both species in the European Alps generally reflect the importance of patchy and heterogeneous habitat structures for food and shelter (Favaron, Scherini, Preatoni, Tosi, & Wauters, 2006; Zohmann & Wöss 2008; Patthey et al. 2012). Schweiger, Nopp-Mayr, & Zohmann (2012) furthermore highlighted the importance of dwarf shrubs for both species, and ant hills (reflecting an insect food source) for black grouse. While current diet and habitat characteristics appear to be well known, it remains open how the predicted changes in temperature, precipitation, reduced (and higher elevated) suitable habitat and changed plant composition will affect diet and in the long term population trajectories.
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کلمات کلیدی:
O–H isotope ratios of high pressure ultramafic rocks: implications for ... link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004100000228 by GL Früh-Green - 2001 - Cited by 47 - Related articles Abstract. We examine the O–H isotope signatures of Alpine ultramafic rocks and eclogitic metagabbros of the Erro–Tobbio peridotite Unit (western Italian Alps), ... Mineral Deposits of the Alps and of the Alpine Epoch in Europe: ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3642689884 H.-J. Schneider - 2012 - Science ... Pb resided in rocks with high u and W values, thus the growth of the isotopic ratios was accelerated. At some later time the upper crustal rocks became through ... Abstracts of the Eighth International Conference on Geochronology, ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0788113496 M. A. Lanphere, G. Brent Dalrymple, Brent D. Turrin - 1994 - Cosmochronology Initial Pb and Nd ratios are consistent between whole rocks and feldspars, but ... and isotopic cooling ages appears to correspond to Austroalpine units of the ... Dating and Duration of Fluid Flow and Fluid-rock Interaction https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1862390193 John Parnell - 1998 - Science Another vein gives a similar age for altered wall rock and albite. but chlorite and ... decay in these young rocks, but in any case Pb isotopic ratios do not appear to ... of Variscan basement rocks uplifted during Alpine compressional deformation. Abstracts of the Eighth International Conference on Geochronology, ... https://books.google.com/books?id=vnTFfbLBTjcC Marvin A. Lanphere, G. Brent Dalrymple, Brent D. Turrin - 1994 - Cosmochronology Initial Pb and Nd ratios are consistent between whole rocks and feldspars, but ... and isotopic cooling ages appears to correspond to Austroalpine units of the ...
