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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
انرژی های تجدید پذیر دریایی منظره دریا
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Marine Renewable Energy Seascape
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Energy drove the industrial revolution in the 1800s, and drives the information technology (IT) revolution of the 21st century. Today, the world’s population stands at over 7 billion. Energy usage per capita in developed countries is too high, with 4.4 t of oil equivalent used per person per annum in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [1]; and developing countries are catching up. The present primary source of energy is fossil fuel in the forms of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Recent oil price volatility has had a major impact on the energy sector. From mid-2014 to early 2015, the price of oil dropped from over $100 USD to less than $50 USD per barrel, lowering the market prices of natural gas and coal [2]. Although worldwide energy demand is likely to increase, the energy industry cannot continue sourcing energy from fossil fuels over the long term. A revealing statistic is that the total global carbon emissions by the energy sector over the past 27 years is equal to the total for all previous years, with fossil fuels making up more than 80% of the primary energy mix [2]. Greenhouse gas emissions have grown by about half over the past 30 years, with carbon emissions making up almost 60% of the current total greenhouse gas emissions. In 2014, coal, natural gas, and oil contributed about 44%, 20%, and 35% of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, respectively, along with significant quantities of other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous dioxide [2]. Carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are hastening climate change. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [3], “The first seven months of 2015 comprised the warmest such period on record across the world’s land and ocean surfaces, at 0.85 °C above the 20th century average.” The statistics point toward crisis. Worldwide, governments have initiated programs of energy production from renewable sources to mitigate anthropogenicinduced climate change, address the possible future exhaustion of fossil fuel supplies, and help ensure national energy security. Energy engineers can make a real difference. Improved energy efficiency is beneficial for both economic and environmental reasons. For example, recent improvements in internal combustion engine efficiency mean that it is possible to raise engine efficiency to almost 60% [4], well above the present peak of 40%. However, further advances must be made in predictive models and engine technology, aimed at higher efficiency and lower emissions, before such engines will roll off car production lines. Engines also need adaptation to use alternative fuels. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an alternative near-zero emission technology that involves separating out waste CO2 from power stations and chemical plants, and transferring the CO2 to suitable storage from which it cannot escape to the atmosphere. Although CCS is an expensive technology, it offers the prospect of decarbonizing energy processes in gas-turbine power stations while cutting the global cumulative emission of carbon to the atmosphere [5]. Other ways of limiting carbon, while bridging the energy gap, are to invest in nuclear energy and renewable energy technologies. Although nuclear power appears attractive as a means of producing continuous supplies of clean electricity, there are major concerns regarding radioactive waste disposal, possible accidents (such as the meltdown of three reactors that occurred at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in March, 2011) or sabotage, and the proliferation of nuclear arms. According to the International Energy Agency [6], “Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from sunlight, wind, oceans, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.”
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کلمات کلیدی:
Marine Renewable Energy Seascape - Edinburgh Research Explorer www.research.ed.ac.uk › Research › Explorer home › Research outputs Marine renewable energy has a major part to play in closing the world's energy gap and lowering carbon emissions. Key global challenges relate to technology, ... Research paper: Marine Renewable Energy Seascape https://www.researchgate.net/.../301828122_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Seascape References, authors & citations for 'Marine Renewable Energy Seascape' on ResearchGate. Hydrodynamic modelling of marine renewable energy devices: A state ... https://www.researchgate.net/.../281471097_Hydrodynamic_modelling_of_marine_rene... Hydrodynamic modelling of marine renewable energy devices: A state of the art review on ... of devices considered, and introduces some key studies in marine renewable energy modelling research. .... Marine Renewable Energy Seascape. Refocus Marine Renewable Energy Report: Global Markets, Forecasts ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=185617462X Adam Westwood - 2005 - Business & Economics 5.2.66 SeaScape Energy SeaScape Energy Ltd was established at the start of 2001 by a partnership between three of the world's leading wind energy ... [PDF]Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Offshore Renewable ... https://www.seai.ie/Renewables/...Energy/...Renewable-Energy.../SEA_ER_Volume_4_A... Scottish Marine Renewables SEA, 20073, UK Offshore Energy SEA 20094, SEA of ... Marine Renewable Energy in Northern Ireland 5, Welsh Seascapes and ... Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems: 15th ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3319559982 David Brosset, Christophe Claramunt, Xiang Li - 2017 - Computers Offshore Wind Turbines Visual Impact Estimation Nicolas Maslov1(✉), Tianzhen ... Keywords: Visual impact · Offshore wind turbine · GIS · Seascape · Aesthetic ... has been long observed that marine renewable energy could make a significant ...
