دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین انحصاری توسعه دانشگاه از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
شبکه های فناوری و روند توسعه دانشگاه های صنعتی دارای حق امتیاز انحصاری مشترک
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The technology networks and development trends of university-industry collaborative patents
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
The literature review performed in the present study is largely characterized into three parts, namely, investigating UIC and technology industrialization, collaborative patents, and patent network analysis. 2.1. UIC and technology industrialization UIC research has gain a steady annual growth, particularly following the introduction of the triple helix model (Calvert and Patel, 2003; Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2000). Many countries endeavor to strengthen interdepartmental relationships between helices, which include the collaboration of universities and industries. An increased number of funding projects are introduced for collaborative research projects. For example, the “SIGNO Germany” project endeavors to reinforce the innovation activities in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Subsequently, the “SIGNO University” sub-project focuses on promoting the mid- and long-term collaboration and partnerships between universities and industries, and supports the technology transfer between the two sectors (BMWi, 2014). Another example is the Israeli “Magnet Project.” This particular project encourages paired collaboration between universities and industries of the same discipline through government funding. Within a two-year collaboration period, industries are not only able to materialize university achievements, but also develop their research and development capabilities (The Office of the Chief Scientist, 2013). Under the consensus of all membership countries, the Framework Programmes: 2007–2013 (FP7) introduced the European Technology Platforms (ETPs) to reinforce narratives between interested academic and industrial parties, greatly improving the effectiveness of the Research Joint Venture. From the preceding descriptions, it is evident that establishing close collaborative relationships through university-industry exchange has become a common practice for various countries in improving their national innovation capacity. The importance of UIC research partially re- flects universities' demand for industry funding to conduct research (Powers, 2003), and partially reflects industries' demand for the industrialization of university research achievements. Since the 1980s, universities in the United States have attached increasing value to patent and authorization strategies. This increased value has elevated the importance of UIC research in universities such as the University of California and Stanford University and prompted the emergence of various integrated technology transfer strategies (Mowery, 2007). A number of universities have attempted to transition into “entrepreneurial universities” in the active promotion of UIC research and pursuit of establishing and solidifying their market knowledge and innovation networks (Guerrero and Urbano, 2012; Powers and McDougall, 2005). In fact, numerous studies have proposed evidence supporting the benefits of increased university-industry relationships on the industrialization of academic research and development (O'Shea et al., 2005; Powers, 2003), and that the provision of industrial funding into academic research positively affects development of patents and spin-off companies (Di Gregorio and Shane, 2003; O'Shea et al., 2005; Powers, 2003; Powers and McDougall, 2005). Relative to government-funded research, UIC research achievements are typically more practical and easier to industrialize (Di Gregorio and Shane, 2003; Powers, 2003). Di Gregorio and Shane (2003) found that industry-funded studies are typically more risk averse, and are thus more market-friendly, and that the lack of information asymmetry in terms of market demands in industryfunded studies renders the research achievements easier to industrialize. Additionally, UIC enables the interaction between university scientists and industry researchers. Such channels and networks of communication benefit the industrialization of research achievements. Festel (2013) found that UIC enables university research and development achievements to gain a diffusion effect, which increases the opportunity for universities to attract external resources and form new start-ups. The application of an open UIC model facilitates researchers in identifying potential and novel business opportunities and applying for patents to protect their research achievements (Okamuro and Nishimura, 2013; Ponomariov, 2013; Tantiyaswasdikul, 2012).
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کلمات کلیدی:
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