دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین افراد چند شغله و کاراآفرینی ترکیبی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نقش کارآفرینی ترکیبی در توضیح ساختار درآمد افراد چند شغله
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The role of hybrid entrepreneurship in explaining multiple job holders’ earnings structure
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Evidence from the European Labor Force Survey indicates that self-employment is much more prevalent among multiple job holders than among single job holders: For example, among second-job occupations in 2013, the share of self-employment amounts to 26% in France, 38% in the UK, and 56% in Italy. In contrast, the corresponding share among first-job occupations amounts to only 11% in France, 14% in the UK, and 23% in Italy (Eurostat, 2014). Despite the high prevalence of self-employment among multiple job holders, theories on self-employment are rarely acknowledged in the literature on multiple job holding and vice versa. Empirical evidence shows that a high share of multiple job holders may have higher average earnings (averaged over hours) in their second job rather than in their main job, ranging from 25% (Kimmel and Smith Conway, 2001), over 48% (Paxson and Sicherman, 1996), to 70% (Wu et al., 2009). This phenomenon cannot be explained by theories on multiple job holding related to hours-constrained main jobs (Paxson and Sicherman, 1996). Other multiple job holding theories attempt to explain this using nonpecuniary benefits from the primary job and benefits, such as flexibility, from the portfolio of multiple jobs (Kimmel and Smith Conway, 2001). Furthermore, Wu et al. (2009) propose that multiple job holders engaging in self-employment as a second job (socalled hybrid entrepreneurs) might have higher second-job earnings; however, they neither provide a theoretical argument nor do they test this proposition empirically. Thus, none of the alternative explanations isolate the particular mechanism and, in particular with respect to the role of self-employment (Wu et al., 2009), there is no clear-cut empirical evidence explaining higher second job earnings.We advance this research, first, by extending Paxson and Sicherman (1996)’s analysis for a more recent dataset and using more advanced methods, as well as by stressing the need for additional theories to explain higher second job earnings. Second, we highlight previously neglected entrepreneurship theories proposing specific mechanisms that explain higher second job earnings. Third, while entrepreneurship research demonstrates that hybrid entrepreneurs differ from full-time entrepreneurs with respect to their demographic characteristics, entrepreneurial outcomes, and responses to public policy (Folta et al., 2010; Raffiee and Feng, 2014; Schulz et al., 2016; Thorgren et al., 2016), we theoretically and empirically demonstrate that hybrid entrepreneurs are also distinct from multiple job holders who have two paid employment positions.
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کلمات کلیدی:
The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional ... www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08985626.2011.577242?src=recsys Jun 24, 2011 - Social entrepreneurship: The need for a definition ...... which explains its very organized social security, viewed as a fair ... Such a community of interests bears an enlarged function from job creation to national competitiveness. ... of a spectrum and reality usually stands somewhere between the extremes. JournalTOCs www.journaltocs.ac.uk › Browse by Publisher The role of hybrid entrepreneurship in explaining multiple job ... Despite the high prevalence of hybrid entrepreneurs among multiple job holders, research on ... [PDF]Hybrid Entrepreneurship www.ifn.se/wfiles/wp/wp825.pdf by TB Folta - Cited by 176 - Related articles Keywords: Hybrid entrepreneurship; Self-employment; Labour market dynamics; ... phenomenon across multiple countries. 1 .... This rationale may have particular relevance for explaining second jobs as entrepreneurs, who ...... stands in contrast to our expectations and the results for our other measures of switching costs ... [PDF]The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic ... econweb.umd.edu/~haltiwan/JEP_DHJM.pdf by R Decker - Cited by 191 - Related articles be, but evidence accumulating from multiple datasets and methodologies suggests .... importance of entrepreneurs in job creation and productivity growth, they are ... here, and explain it in more detail in the Appendix available with this paper at http://e-jep.org ...... Yet another possibility is a hybrid of the first two explanations.
