دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین استراتژی کنترل پروژه مشتری از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
انتخاب استراتژی های کنترل پروژه مشتری در معاملات شخص به سازمان
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Selecting client's project control strategies in person-to-organization transactions
سال انتشار : 2017
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله استراتژی کنترل پروژه مشتری اینجا کلیک نمایید.
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
2.1. Control strategies Control is defined as ‘a regulatory process by which the elements of a system are made more predictable through the establishment of standards in the pursuit of some desired objective or state’ (Leifer and Mills, 1996: 117). There are two broad categories of control mechanisms: formal control and social control (Das and Teng, 2001; Dyer and Singh, 1998). In exchanges, formal control relies on the completeness and importance of contracts (Li et al., 2010). It establishes rules or norms for actors' behaviors; monitors actors' work through surveillance methods (Eisenhardt, 1985), and compares outcomes or behaviors with pre-determined ones. The tools used to curtail contractor's shirking and opportunism propensity are inspection, monitoring and failure penalties. There are two main modes of formal control: outcome control and behavior control. Outcome control relies on the assessment of the performance, whereas behavior control focuses on the process (Das and Teng, 2001). 2.1.1. Outcome control Outcome control mechanisms specify outcomes to be realized and monitor the achievement of these targets (Dekker, 2004). The controller explicitly states desired outcomes and rewards the controlee based on the achievement of those goals (Choudhury and Sabherwal, 2003; Eisenhardt, 1985). Thus, outcome control relies on mechanisms that could specify desired outcome and measure the controlee's performance with respect to the specific outcome. Incentives are clearly aligned with a desired outcome (Turner and Makhija, 2006). 2.1.2. Behavior control Behavior control mechanisms specify how controlee should act and monitor whether actual behaviors comply with the pre-specified behaviors (Dekker, 2004). Behavior control is featured by behavior monitoring and rewards (Dekker, 2004). Controller could prescribe specific rules and procedures, observe the controlees' behaviors, and reward the controlee based on the extent to which it follows pre-determined procedures (Kirsch, 1996). Behavior controls encompass formalized standard, operating procedures, rules and routines (Abubakre et al., 2015). Abdi and Aulakh (2014) found that behavior control would be effective to prevent behavioral uncertainty (i.e., the inadequate common grounds and shared frameworks among controller and controlee). 2.1.3. Social control Social control comprises risk taking, joint decision making and problem solving (Dekker, 2004). Formal controls tend to present a mechanistic view of the control process. But they ignore inter-personal mechanism that governs behaviors (Ashford and Tsui, 1991). Relationships built among actors can serve as informal control tools. Social control mechanism could govern partnership behaviors (Rowley et al., 2000), through promoting trust, mutual gain and reciprocity (Larson, 1992). Social control enables actors to coordinate functions and work out problems “on the fly” (Uzzi, 1997).
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله استراتژی کنترل پروژه مشتری اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide, Sixth Edition https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1574442775 WIlliam H. Tomlinson, Robert G. Murdick, R. Carl Moor - 2000 - Business & Economics The project managers then deal with these organizations by "buying" their services on a planned ... Electronic control systems, electro-mechanical operating systems, ... principle of management — a person should report to only one manager. Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1932159118 James Taylor - 2008 - Business & Economics Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline James Taylor ... monitor variances from the plan and implement strategies to keep the project on course. ... Furthermore, many organizations do not support the activities of this phase ... We can all think of the many instances when we thought we understood a person to say ... Employee Roles In Initiating Successful Change Management | Prosci https://www.prosci.com/change-management/thought.../roles-in-change-management A whole system of people in the organization support employees in making .... of the project and weaving the change management strategy and plans into the ... Why You Need A Change Management Strategy | Prosci https://www.prosci.com/change-management/thought.../change-management-strategy Change management strategies are critical for reducing resistance and ... Each has risks associated with people not becoming engaged or resisting the change. ... How has the organization handled a similar change before? ... It outlines the relationship between the project team and the change management team. Frequent ... Searches related to roject control strategies in person-to-organization how to implement a new strategy without disrupting your organization role of strategic planning in project management importance of strategy in project management role of strategy in project management strategy implementation example implementing change in an organization how to implement a strategy successfully implementing new technology in an organization
