دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین استحکام بازار کار، سیاست اجتماعی و سهم نیروی کار از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
استحکام بازار کار، سیاست های اجتماعی و سهم نیروی کار: شواهد تجربی قبل و بعد از بحران بزرگ
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Title: Labor market rigidity, social policies and the labor share: Empirical evidence before and after the big crisis
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله استحکام بازار کار، سیاست اجتماعی و سهم نیروی کار اینجا کلیک نمایید.
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. The main determinants of the labor share
Many empirical studies found different explanations for the labor share decline, but there is no consensus on how different factors affected the labor share. Bentolila and Saint-Paul (2003) use a production function approach (neoclassical or more general non-monotonic function) to show that the LS is a function of the capital-output ratio, which is in turn affected by changes in factor prices (real wages or real interest rates) and labor-augmenting technological progress. There are factors shifting the exact relationship between LS and capital output, e.g. capital-augmenting technological progress (TFP) or imports of raw materials. When the capital-output ratio and TFP show the same estimated sign, technology is strictly capitalaugmenting. Both Jayadev (2007) and Jaumotte and Tytell (2007) explain that technological progress is biased towards labor-saving technologies rather than labor-augmenting ones. Guerriero and Sen (2012), on the other hand, find a positive correlation between the labor share and either international trade or technological progress. According to their results, exports of consumption goods and capital goods, and the consequent need for good managerial practices, lead to a rise in both employment and wages, thus increasing the labor share. Karabarbounis and Neiman (2014), besides demonstrating that the labor share indeed declined, find that technological progress lowers the ratio, which is consistent with most previous literature. Bassanini and Manfredi (2012) find that ICT progress creates opportunities for innovations. However, innovations appear to be mostly labor-saving, thus lowering the labor share. Other scholars suggest that trade openness negatively affects the labor share (especially since the 1980s). Harrison (2005) and Guscina (2006) find that an increase in trade openness causes a decrease in the labor share, although globalization improves the general conditions of workers. Jayadev (2007) and Jaumotte and Tytell (2007) find that globalization affects the labor share negatively because it increases the mobility of workers and weakens the bargaining power of unskilled workers. Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2006) argue that the productivity-enhancing effect of trade in intermediates could be even larger than that in final goods because, in addition to a competition effect for producing sectors, trade in intermediates also reduces the costs of production of using sectors. Elsby et al. (2013), in their analysis of US economic activity, explore the relationship between offshoring (outsourcing or outward foreign investment) and the labor share. Offshoring the most labor-intensive component of US production, they argue, makes the remaining domestic part more capital-intensive, especially if the capital-labor elasticity of substitution is high. Such a practice undermines the position of workers. In 1997, Rodrick claimed that increasing trade openness magnifies the amplitude of fluctuations in real wages at home, and that labor is exposed to high risk. The value of intermediate imports as a percentage of GDP is used here and is expected to reduce the labor share. Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003) analyzed the effects of competition on the labor share. They found that deregulation in the product market (PM) may trigger subsequent deregulation in the labor market. With lower rents, induced by goods market deregulation, workers may have no incentives to fight for a share of those rents. Nonetheless, reliable measures of product market regulation are available only at the level of network industries (see Bassanini and Manfredi, 2012), and no such measure is included here.
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله استحکام بازار کار، سیاست اجتماعی و سهم نیروی کار اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies OECD Reviews of ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9264250506 OECD - 2016 Razgune, A. and R. Lazutka (2015), “Labor Share Trends in Three Baltic Countries: Literature Review and Empirical Evidence”, Ekonomika, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. Why Is Labor Receiving a Smaller Share of Global Income? Theory ... https://www.imf.org/.../Why-Is-Labor-Receiving-a-Smaller-Share-of-Global-Income-... by MC Dao - Cited by 6 - Related articles Jul 24, 2017 - Theory and Empirical Evidence ... This paper documents the downward trend in the labor share of global income since the early 1990s, as well ... [PDF]Why is Labor Receiving a Smaller Share of Global Income? - IMF https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WP/2017/wp17169.ashx by MC Dao - 2017 - Cited by 6 - Related articles Theory and Empirical Evidence by Mai Chi Dao ... This paper documents the downward trend in the labor share of global income since the early. 1990s, as ..... Inequality can fuel social tension, and ... favor of inward-looking policies. The forces ...
