دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین استارت اپ کارافرینان زن از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تاثیر مراحل توسعه اقتصادی بر استارت اپ کارافرینان زن
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Influence of stages of economic development on women entrepreneurs' startups
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Theoretical considerations
2.1. The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) The GCI is a weighted average of three sub-indexes, each of them composed of pillars (Schwab, 2014). The lowest level sub-index describes the factor-driven SED with four pillars (institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, and health and primary education). The second (efficiency enhancers) sub-index refers to the efficiency-driven stage, with six pillars (higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, and market size). The third sub-index encompasses business sophistication and innovation. The importance of each pillar depends on a country's particular SED. The GCI attributes higher relative weights to those pillars that are more relevant for an economy given its particular stage of development. 2.2. Family support Aldrich and Cliff's (2003) family embeddedness perspective calls for studies investigating how family dynamics affect the entrepreneurial process. Support from the family is an essential element for business success (Jennings & Brush, 2013), and studies recognize the importance of family support for the emotional well-being of entrepreneurs (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Liao & Welsch, 2005). 2.3. Family instrumental (tangible) support Instrumental support may take the form of comments from family members-ideas, advice, or assistance with running the business (Arregle, Hitt, Sirmon, & Very, 2007; Eddleston & Powell, 2012). This support can be even more important when family members have a business because they become advisers (Aldrich & Cliff, 2003; Chang, Memili, Chrisman, Kellermanns, & Chua, 2009). Family instrumental support includes assistance with household responsibilities (Eddleston & Powell, 2012) and may take the form of loans.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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