دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین ارزیابی صلاحیت کامپیوتری از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نگرش زنانه - تفکر بی کفایتی؟ اثرات مجهز کردن زنانه در ارزیابی صلاحیت کامپیوتری در زنان
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
See feminine – Think incompetent? The effects of a feminine outfit on the evaluation of women's computer competence
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
We undoubtedly live in a computer world. In 2013, 84% of U.S. American households owned a computer, 74% with access to the Internet (File & Ryan, 2014). Other countries such as Germany register similar numbers (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2015b). The use of computers and the Internet offers exciting new job opportunities and in many vocational domains sophisticated computer skills are already essential for a successful career. It has been argued that access to technologies at work can bring prestige, job security, more satisfying work and higher pay (Brynin, 2006). Indeed, German and U.S. American employees with computer training and advanced work-related computer skills had higher incomes compared to employees without such skills (Peacock, 2008; Peng & Eunni, 2011). Nevertheless, women and men benefit to different degrees from this trend, as there are still fundamental gender disparities in computer use and careers in computer-related domains. Boys used computers more than girls in the context of education in 39 countries (Drabowicz, 2014); they also used the Internet more for personal and educational purposes (Durndell & Haag, 2002; Imhof, Vollmeyer, & Beierlein, 2007; Li & Kirkup, 2007; Papastergiou & Solomonidou, 2005). More importantly, men are much more likely to pursue careers in computer-related domains. In Germany, women made up only18% of university students of computer science, computer engineering, and IT in 2014 (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2015a). In the US, female students in these subjects were even more scarce, making up only 13% of students in 2010 (Zweben, 2012). The present study addresses one of the antecedents of the gap between men and women with regard to careers in computer-related domains: The stereotype that girls and women are less interested in and skilled with computers (Bomer € & Imhof, 2011; Cheryan, Master, & Meltzoff, 2015; Cooper, 2006; Smith, Morgan, & White, 2005). Following expectancy-value theory (e.g., Wigfield & Eccles, 2000, 2002), expectation of success e both by the person choosing and relevant others e is a very important determinant of achievement-related choices, such as school or university courses. We are interested in whether this expectation of success can be manipulated by activating a female gender stereotype. More interestingly, while there is a lot of research on gender stereotypes activated by biological sex or physical appearance of stimulus persons (M. K. Ryan, Haslam, Hersby, & Bongiorno, 2011; Sczesny & Kühnen, 2004; Sczesny, Spreemann, & Stahlberg, 2006), we focus on subtle cues such as outfit, which, in contrast to biological sex or physical appearance (facial or body features), can easily be changed. Now, we will first take a closer look at the theoretical background before we consider consequences of stereotype activation.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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