دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین ارزش سرمایه گذاری در زیرساخت تحقیقاتی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
مدل نوآوری سرزمینی گرنبل: GIANT: آیا سرمایه گذاری در زیرساخت های تحقیقاتی ارزشمند است؟
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Grenoble–GIANT Territorial Innovation Models: Are investments in research infrastructures worthwhile?
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Theoretical background
2.1. Regional governance The role of RI has been strongly studied in literature dealing with the territorial approach. Five different streams of literature are relevant in our study: Italian industrial districts, innovative milieus, regional innovation systems, new industrial spaces, and regional clusters. Those streams are relevant because they focus on the economic, the social, and the entrepreneurial outcomes of the spatial agglomeration in which both RI and universities are playing a significant role. The implication of RI within the regional development was first studied in the stream of literature named Italian Industrial Districts, which was guided by Becattini (1989). Becattini (1990) argued that an industrial district can be considered as a socioeconomic organization in which we cannot separate the economic factors from the social factors in a socioeconomic vortex (Becattini, 2003). Based on that study, we likewise argue that to best understand the impact of RI, we cannot dissociate the economic aspect from the social aspect. In a study of industrial districts, Markusen (1996) discussed different typologies, and one specific typology, the state-centered, raises our interest. In the state-centered typology, there is the domination of one or a few large public or non-profit organizations such as universities/RI that collaborate with both large and small firms. In such a setting, start-ups benefit from external economies, the availability of a skilled labor force, and the reduction of transaction costs (Amin and Thrift, 1992). Moreover, De Marchi and Grandinetti (2014) argued that spin-offs can easily be developed within such industrial districts. At about the same time, those in innovative milieus were studying the interaction between innovation activities and space (Aydalot, 1986; Camagni, 1991; Camagni and Maillat, 2006; Ratti, 1989). Camagni (1991) specifically argued that an innovative milieu can learn from its universities thanks to social aspects, such as collective learning. Similar to the Italian industrial districts, such networks can be approached from not only a social but also an economic aspect. In comparing countries, states, and metropolitan areas, Jaffe et al. (1993) argued that knowledge spillovers are geographically localized and concentrated. The smaller the geographical area is, the more significant the localization of spillovers. A city can also be a rich context for developing networks, and in support of this, Capello (2000) argued, “Non excessive city sizes in fact facilitate environmental equilibrium, efficient mobility and the possibility of conserving a sense of belonging as far as the population is concerned” (p. 1926). However, the concept of city does not have the same features as the notion of innovative milieux (Maennig and Ölschläger, 2011; Rémy, 2000). Maennig and Ölschläger (2011) argued, “If exchange and interaction between the city and the milieu exist, two types can be distinguished. Firstly, the entire city forms the physical basis and the milieu is constituted through the urban relational capital and collective learning processes. Secondly, a single specialized industry within a city constitutes a milieu. In this case, the physical basis is an urban production system” (p. 443). Cities rely on geographical proximity, but innovative milieus depend on social proximity between individuals.
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کلمات کلیدی:
GIANT campus www.giant-grenoble.org/en/ Grenoble Innovation for Advanced New Technologies. Grenoble - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac ... Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the Counts of Albon chose the city as the capital of their territories. .... On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the armistice of 1918) massive strikes and demonstrations took ... A Study of RI Clusters Based on Symbiosis Theory - MDPI www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/3/396/pdf by W Xu - 2017 - Related articles Mar 8, 2017 - Based on the territorial models proposed by such geographical economists as ... compared the GIANT model with the Grenoble model, which ... [PDF]Territorial dynamics: Economic impacts and returns - Association ... www.strategie-aims.com/events/conferences/24...de-l...territorial.../download Referring to territorial innovation models, we studied Grenoble-GIANT, a geographical network. The past 60 years of investment (€2.81 billion) have catalyzed ... The Complete WWF Video Guide Volume V https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1291816933 James Dixon, Arnold Furious, Lee Maughan - 2014 - Sports & Recreation GIANT. -. LARGER. THAN. LIFE. many New Generation era broadcasts with the ... Andre would bump around from territory to territory, usually making annual or ... in the French farming village of Moliens (not Grenoble, as commonly repeated), ...
