دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین ارتقای دوچرخه سواری از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
برنامه ارتقای دوچرخه سواری و تغییرات رفتاری در دراز مدت: مطالعه موردی از دانشگاه شفیلد
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Cycling promotion schemes and long-term behavioural change: A case study from the University of Sheffield
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Cycling has a range of benefits to both individuals and wider society. It offers an accessible form of physical activity for many people, and regular physical activity has a number of health benefits, including reduced risk from cardiovascular disease, cancers and diabetes (Department of Health, 2004; Manley, 1997; Saunders et al., 2013), improvements in cardiovascular fitness and risk factors (Oja et al., 2011), and overall mortality rates (Kelly et al., 2014). Motorised transport has been identified as a causal factor behind the ‘obesity epidemic’ (Caballero, 2007), suggesting a return to active transport for everyday journeys would have large health benefits. Physical activity has also been shown to support mental well-being and reduce mental health problems such as depression and anxiety (Department of Health, 2004; Manley, 1997). Given that 61% of men and 71% of women in England do not meet recommended levels of physical activity1 (Craig et al., 2009), regular cycling offers an opportunity to improve public health and reduce the burden on health services. Environmental benefits of cycling are also frequently cited as a reason for uptake on the individual level (Gatersleben and Haddad, 2010) and as a motivation behind pro-cycling interventions by local, regional and national authorities (Blank et al., 2012; Pucher and Buehler, 2008). The economic benefits of cycling have been identified as reduced congestion (and faster journey time), increased worker productivity and reduced travel costs for individuals (Saelensminde, 2004; Tilahun et al., 2007). However, most comprehensive economic analyses identify reduced expenditure on health as the most important saving (Jarrett et al., 2012; Rutter et al., 2013). There is now strong evidence to suggestthat the health benefits of increased life expectancy vastly outweigh thehealth costs of accident risk and exposure to air pollution (Hillman, 1993; Rojas-Rueda and Nazelle, 2011). Health benefit:cost ratios of cycling have been identified as 20:1 in the UK (Hillman, 1993) and more than 70:1 in Barcelona (Rojas-Rueda and Nazelle, 2011). A recent meta analysis about the health impacts of active travel overall (walking and cycling) concluded that the evidence to date provides “consistent support for the positive effects on health of active travel” (Saunders et al., 2013; p.12). There is also evidence to support the ‘strength in numbers’ hypothesis that cycling becomes safer per kilometre as the number of cyclists increases (Pucher and Buehler, 2008). Guidance has recently been published (Kahlmeier et al., 2014) that provides methods for assessing the health and economic impacts of cycling which should allow such impacts to be ascertained more accurately from future intervention studies. Despite the multi-faceted benefits of cycling and the fact that riding a bicycle is something most adults in Britain can do. Eighty five percent of adults in the UK can cycle (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2011a), and cycling is the third most common recreational or sporting activity carried out by adults in Britain (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2011b). However, only 2% of all trips made in Britain are completed using a bicycle (DfT, 2013). There is much potential for increasing the number of journeys that are taken using a bicycle; for example, 38% of all trips in Britain are less than two miles, and 66% are less than five miles (DfT, 2013). Research in London suggests there are potentially 4.3 million trips per day that could be made by bicycle, yet nearly two thirds of these trips are made by car (Transport for London, 2010). In the UK there have been a number of national policies and local interventions to promote cycling (e.g. DoT, 1996; DfT, 2004; Gaffron, 2003; see Golbuff and Aldred, 2011, for a review of UK cycling policy over the last four decades), but the lack of increase in cycling rates over the last three decades suggests these have had limited success (Parkin, 2003; Cabinet Office, 2009). Aldred (2013a) suggests that cycling in the UK has been marginalised with the car dominating infrastructure, for example car parking often taking precedence over cycling infrastructure for example. The low uptake of cycling can therefore be seen as a result of cultural and societal factors, and there is a need to enhance the position of cycling within local as well as national cultures if cycling activity is to increase (Aldred and Jungnickel, 2014). This may be starting to happen in the UK, evidenced for example by the increase in cycling advocacy groups (Aldred, 2013b). One approach to developing the cycling culture and increase cycling activity is to implement interventions designed to encourage and support cycling behaviour
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کلمات کلیدی:
Behavior Change Techniques Used to Promote Walking and Cycling https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC) by EL Bird - 2013 - Cited by 44 - Related articles Mar 11, 2013 - Keywords: walking, cycling, intervention, review, behavior change ..... exercise with print-based materials; and one (8%) was a car share scheme. .... short-term goal is more likely to be achieved than a vague long-term goal ... Research paper (PDF): The Propensity to Cycle Tool: An open source ... https://www.researchgate.net/.../281896289_The_Propensity_to_Cycle_Tool_An_open_... Dec 6, 2016 - The Propensity to Cycle Tool: An open source online system for ... Cycling promotion schemes and long-term behavioural change: A case study ... Cycling and Society - ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257425645_Cycling_and_Society Cycling and Society on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. ... Cycling promotion schemes and long-term behavioural change: A case study ... School Travel: Second Report of Session 2008-09; Report, Together ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0215529200 Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Transport Committee - 2009 1 Home to school journeys, particularly those made by walking, cycling, public ... the Act in terms of infrastructure and promotion (subject to resources) could have ... Long-term behavioural changes and attitudes to school travel issues take time to ... 9.2 A number of schemes relating to sustainable home to school travel have ... School of Geography: Recent Articles https://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/research/csap/outputs/recent-articles/ Uttley, J., and Lovelace, R. (in press) Cycling promotion schemes and long-term behavioural change: A case study from the University of Sheffield. Case Studies ... Progress in Sustainable Development Research https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1600218474 Roberto Antonio Lopez - 2008 - Business & Economics walking and cycling for instance, we can directly improve the long term health ... The cost: benefit ratio of investing in walking and cycling schemes is estimated at ... Action to support behavioural changes within our population can promote an ...
