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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تاثیر هزینه انتشار کربن بر تقاضای مسافر و هزینه های هوا: رویکرد نظری بازی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The impact of carbon emission fees on passenger demand and air fares: A game theoretic approach
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. Data description and estimation
3.1. Description of the dataset Estimation of the supply and demand model and simulation of the market-based environmental policy, require a rich dataset with information on airline connections, flight passengers, ticket prices and other explanatory attributes that affect passenger demand and airline marginal cost. In addition, aircraft data is needed for the computation of CO2 emissions. In this study, data available by the U.S. Department of Transportation published in the website of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS, 2015) are used. In particular, the Airline Origin and Destination Survey (DB1B) reports a 10% sample of domestic airline tickets sold by U.S. airlines. DB1B is used to create the flight itineraries and to generate airline connections' market shares, ticket prices and other itinerary attributes which are presented in Table 2. We merge the above dataset with three additional databases: the T-100 Domestic Segment for U.S. Carriers, the Airline On-Time Performance database and the U.S. Census Bureau. The T-100 Domestic Segment for U.S. Carriers (hereinafter referred to as T100) contains monthly domestic non-stop segment data reported by U.S. air carriers. The variables constructed by T100 include frequency, seat capacity and representative aircraft types as presented in Table 2. Airline On-Time Performance (hereinafter referred to as OTP) contains on-time arrival data for non-stop domestic flights in the U.S. and it is used to create delay and other time-related variables. The U.S. Census Bureau provides us with population data used to construct the market size, as the geometric mean of the populations of origin and destination cities. The construction of the final sample follows a well established procedure (Berry and Jia, 2010; Chi and Koo, 2009; Lee, 2013; Hsaio and Hansen, 2011) consisting of the following steps. We filter DB1B raw data to keep round-trip itineraries with at most two segments per direction and tickets with single itinerary ticketing carrier and credible fares, while we omit open-jaw trips and tickets with very low and very high air fares (we keep tickets in the fare range of $25 and $3000 for a round-trip). In the second step, we process T100 and OTP data to be compatible with the DB1B database. Since T100and OTP are reported in a monthly basis, and DB1B data are quarterly, we need to aggregate T100 and OTP in a quarterly basis. Once this is done, edited T100 and OTP tables include frequency, seating, aircraft and time-related quarterly data. In the third step, we merge the three databases by flight segment and airline. DB1B and T100 segments are merged by operating airline while DB1B and OTP by reporting airline. Next, we supplement the DB1B-T100-OTP merged data with population data. Finally we filter airline connections so as to include regular scheduled flights (a minimum of 12 flights per quarter and more than fifty passengers in the quarter are chosen as thresholds) and medium to large Metropolitan Statistical Areas (with population greater than 800,000 people). The data are rearranged to create the final data table which includes unique combinations of a round-trip between Origin (Oj), Connecting (Cj), Destination (Dj) airports by Ticketing airline (Aj) during a specific Quarter (Qj), i.e. “Oj-Cj-Dj/Aj,Qj” supplemented with demand and cost variables.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Climate change report calls for passenger tax on flights to reduce CO2 ... https://www.theguardian.com › Environment › Greenhouse gas emissions Dec 7, 2009 - Climate change report calls for passenger tax on flights to reduce CO2. Watchdog says air travel cannot continue to grow unchecked if UK's emissions ... increase in air travel over the next four decades will come at a cost of choking off ... "Demand can increase, but only in a limited way," added Kennedy. Carbon Emission Mitigation Potentials of Different Policy ... - MDPI www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/11/1179/pdf by S Yoon - 2016 - Cited by 1 - Related articles Nov 16, 2016 - The emissions of GHGs and other air pollutants generated by ... relatively less impact on airlines' cost and passenger demand compared to ... [PDF]European Aviation Environmental Report 2016 - European Commission https://ec.europa.eu/.../sites/.../european-aviation-environmental-report-2016-72dpi.p... 5.3 Passenger access by public transport. 58 .... in the demand for air travel leading to increased overall pressures (e.g. emissions, noise) on the ..... Figure 1.1 Growth in low-cost flights has compensated for the decrease of flights by traditional ... The Travel & Tourism Report 2008 - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9295044045 BRIAN PEARCE, Chief Economist, International Air Transport Association (IATA) The focus of existing policy aimed toward reducing CO2 emissions from air travel, with ... to manage air travel demand by raising the cost of travel for passengers. Recent Journal of Air Transport Management Articles - Elsevier https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-air-transport.../recent-articles What role for offsetting aviation greenhouse gas emissions in a deep-cut carbon world? ... Segmentation of passengers using full-service and low-cost carriers .... As for other modes of transport, the demand for air cargo is a derived demand. Searches related to emission fees on passenger demand and air uk aviation forecasts 2016 uk aviation forecasts 2015 uk airline industry growth rate dft google scholar
