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عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The influence of height on academic outcomes
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
It has been well established that height is correlated with improved outcomes along a number of dimensions, including educational achievement, labor market outcomes, an d health.1 Although taller people have better average outcomes, the reasoning is still debated. Are taller people given more opportunities in school, favored in the labor market, and treated differently than their shorter peers or is height just associated with better childhood environments and a superior cognitive endowment? The answers to these questions have different policy implications. If height leads I thank Steve Levitt, Emily Oster, Andy Zuppann, seminar participants, and anonymous referees for helpful comments. All mistakes are my own. This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman (2003), and Kathleen Mullan Harris (2008) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www.cpc.unc. edu/addhealth). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. E-mail addresses: devongorry@gmail.com, devon.gorry@usu.edu 1 Past literature shows that taller students perform better in the classroom and on cognitive tasks and attain more schooling (Case & Paxson, 2008a; 2008b; 2010; Cohen, 2009; Downie, Mulligan, Stratford, Betts, & Voss, 1997; Heineck, 2009). Papers since early 1900s report that height is associated with improved labor market outcomes such as employment and wages (Gowin, 1915; Behrman and Rsenzweig, 2001; Case & Paxson, 2008a; 2008b; 2010; Case, Paxson, & Islam, 2009; Hübler, 2009; Loh, 1993; Sargent & Blanchflower, 1994). This height premium is often large in magnitude, with taller workers earning 4–6% more than their shorter counterparts (Loh, 1993). Finally, research indicates that taller individuals also have better health outcomes and live longer (Case & Paxson, 2008b; 2010; Cohen, 2009). to differential opportunities for children in school, then policy may improve the disparities. Persico, Postlewaite, and Silverman (2004) find that teenage height, not adult height, matters for labor market outcomes. Their finding suggests that labor market discrimination is not a major factor contributing to the height premium and indicate that adolescent experiences may play a role in the association between height and wages. They argue that taller students could have more access to clubs or social activities that develop human capital and lead to improved labor market outcomes. Thus, even without discrimination in the labor market, there may be unfair advantages to being tall during one’s school years. Alternatively, Case and Paxson (2008a, 2008b) provide evidence for a different explanation: average height reflects cognitive ability. Differences in genetics, health, and early environmental factors are related to physical growth as well as cognitive development. Thus, children who are endowed with good genes or grow up in a healthy environment are not only more likely to grow taller, but they also perform better in school and excel in the workplace due to higher cognitive function. This superior cognitive development can cause associations between height and improved outcomes. Case and Paxson (2008a, 2008b) find that height premiums in wages diminish when childhood test scores are included as a proxy for cognitive development. Furthermore, the authors show that taller, healthier individuals achieve their growth spurts earlier in life leading to larger height differences during adolescence. This greater height disparity during teenage years can explain why teenage height is more significant than adult height in the results of Persico et al. (2004). Given that the literature provides different explanations for the association of height and outcomes, this paper further assesses
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کلمات کلیدی:
Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0838907474 Philip D. Leighton, David C. Weber - 1999 - Architecture Do mechanical and electrical equipment affect height problems? 7. Do geologic conditions influence the height? Each factor will be discussed, and the ... [PDF]The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace ... - Timothy A. Judge www.timothy-judge.com/Height%20paper--JAP%20published.pdf by TA Judge - 2004 - Cited by 584 - Related articles The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace Success and Income: Preliminary Test of ..... academic performance [objective measures of job performance, such as ... Height and Weight Bias: The Influence of Time - PLOS journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054386 by F Shiely - 2013 - Cited by 47 - Related articles Jan 23, 2013 - The purpose of this study is to establish if self-reported height bias or weight bias, or both, is responsible for the declining sensitivity in the ... [PDF]1 The Influence of Ceiling Height: The Effect of Priming on the Type of ... www.sauder.ubc.ca/Faculty/Divisions/.../~/.../Zhu%20-%20Ceiling%20Height.ashx The Influence of Ceiling Height: The Effect of Priming on the. Type of Processing ... There appears to be wide-spread belief that ceiling height can affect the quality of indoor consumption ...... 20, NY: Academic Press, 204-53. Kraft, Robert N. No relationship between academic achievement and body mass index ... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC) by SD Baxter - 2013 - Cited by 20 - Related articles 18 schools - Researchers measured children's weight and height. ... Keywords: Academic achievement, Body Mass Index, Children. Go to: .... increased between 1961 and 2001; such stigma may influence negative outcomes related to obesity. [PDF]The Effect of Participation in School Sports on Academic Achievement ... www.lehigh.edu/~xig310/JMP.pdf participation in school-sponsored sports on the academic achievement among middle .... This restriction implies that height cannot have a direct impact. The Influence of Height on the Decline in ... - Oxford Academic https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-pdf/3/2/145/2284715/3-2-145.pdf by TJ COLE - 1974 - Cited by 30 - Related articles Cole, T. J. (MRC Pneumoconiosis Unit, Llandough Hospital, Penarth, Glamorgan CF6 1XW, Wales). The influence of height on the decline in ventilatory function.
