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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اثرات علمی زیرساخت های تحقیقاتی بزرگ در چین
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Scientific effects of large research infrastructures in China
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
With the increasing importance of RIs to economic and social development, the functions and outcomes of RIs are receiving greater attention from government organizations and academic researchers (e.g., Heidler and Hallonsten, 2015; Hallonsten, 2014; GSF, 2014). To better assess the effect of RIs, the chapter firstly reviews and offers a definition of RIs based on an analysis of extant definitions. Secondly, this paper reviews and compares several main perspectives on RI effects in the extant literature and discusses why scientific effects should receive more attention. Finally, we discuss the inadequacy of effect studies in the extant literature as the reason for our proposal of an analytical framework, and we then use this framework to explain the specific effects and their functions in the Chinese context. Several organizations have proposed different definitions of RIs in the extant literature, as shown in Table 1. Clearly, different countries and organizations define RIs in different ways. This arises from the various contexts in which the term is used and the need to gain support from a full range of research endeavors. Among these definitions, those proposed by the US National Science Foundation (NSF, 2013) and the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI, 2011) are popular in the extant literature. To facilitate the guidance and management of RIs, the Chinese State Council (CSC, 2013) has offered a definition of RIs that is related to development goals in China. Table 1 displays these three definitions. By comparing them, we find several common RI characteristics, including serving as a scientific tool, the influence of national infrastructure, and the systematic nature of RIs. Compared with normal scientific instruments, RIs feature intensive knowledge, capital, and engineering activities. For this reason, central governments are the primary funders of RIs and RIs exert more widespread influence than is typically expected of a scientific tool. Based on these considerations, this article defines RIs as large scientific instrumentation, facility, and equipment clusters that require large investments and complex engineering and networking efforts; receive funding primarily from national governments; and serve the science frontier, economic and social needs and national security. This definition is used to guide the construction of our analytical framework for evaluating the scientific effects of RIs.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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