دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین اثر سیگار کشیدن بر باروری و سن یائسگی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تاثیر استعمال دخانیات بر باروری و سن یائسگی: سنجش مبتنی بر جمعیت
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Impact of smoking on fertility and age of menopause: a population-based assessment
سال انتشار : 2015
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
Study procedures and measurements
All participants were assessed in an outpatient clinic of the University Hospital of Lausanne. Data were collected by trained field interviewers during a single visit lasting about 60 min. Information on demographic data, socioeconomic and marital status, lifestyle factors, personal and family history of disease, cardiovascular risk factors and treatment was collected. Recruitment began in June 2003 and ended in May 2006 and included 6184 Caucasian participants. The evaluation included an interview, a physical examination, blood sampling and a set of questionnaires. The follow-up was performed between April 2009 and September 2012, five and a half years on average after the collection of baseline data and was similar to the baseline evaluation. Further details regarding the baseline and the first follow-up can be found elsewhere.16 The time of examination was independent of the family planning schedule or other variables, as it was an instantaneous picture at this moment. Smoking habits Smoking habits were assessed by questionnaire and the participants were categorised in never, former and current smokers. Current smoking was defined if the participant reported smoking at the time of examination, irrespective of the amount of tobacco smoked. Participants were considered as former smokers if they reported to have smoked in the past but not anymore at the time of examination, irrespective of the date of quitting. Participants who smoked were further invited to a substudy assessing smoking characteristics and asked about the amount of tobacco smoked daily. This was irrespective of the moment of their family life, meaning it could be before, during or after childbearing, depending of the participant. Cigar, cigarillo or pipes were converted into cigarette equivalents using the following criteria: 1 pipe or cigarillo=2.5 cigarettes and 1 cigar=5 cigarettes.17 The number of cigarette equivalents smoked per day was then used to compute the HSI. The HSI includes a score for the amount of tobacco smoked (0 for 0–10; 1 for 11–20; 2 for 21–30 and 3 for >31 cigarette equivalents/day) and a score for the time to the first cigarette consumed after waking (0 for >61; 1 for 31–60; 2 for 6–30 and 3 for ≤5 min).18 HSI values ranged from 0 to 6 and three HSI categories were made: low (scores 0–1), medium (scores 2–4) and high (scores 5–6)
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کلمات کلیدی:
Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion - Fertility and Sterility www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(12)01954-1/pdf earlier age of menopause further supports the biological plausibility of an adverse impact of smoking on fecundity (15–17). If a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and fe- male infertility is accepted, up to 13% of female infertil- ity may be caused by smoking, based on the 1.6 odds ratio (OR) from meta-analysis ... What Every Woman Should Know about Fertility and Her Biological Clock https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1564147355 Cara Birrittieri - 2005 - Health & Fitness If your mother's age at menopause was 51, which is the average, for all intents and purposes, she probably lost her fertility at age 41, which is what you can count on as a base. If your mother went ... If you've smoked for any length of time, or are currently smoking, subtract another two to three years. (Research shows it can ... Searches related to smoking on fertility and age of menopause smoking and ovulation how long after quitting smoking does fertility improve smoking and fertility in females how long after i quit smoking can i get pregnant smoking and trying to get pregnant quitting smoking to get pregnant smoking during conception smoking before getting pregnant
