دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین اثر رقابت و حق ثبت اختراع از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
هنگامی که حق ثبت اختراع مهم است: تاثیر رقابت و حق ثبت اختراع در سهم عملکرد از حقوق مالکیت معنوی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
When patents matter: The impact of competition and patent age on the performance contribution of intellectual property rights protection
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Theoretical background and hypotheses
Patents are one output of technologically successful R&D activities (Ernst, 2001). Patents grant inventors exclusive rights to protect their technological inventions for a limited period of time and, thus, enable them to recover their R&D investments (Encaoua et al., 2006). Patent protection allows inventors to commercialize their inventions without having to fear imitators (Cockburn and MacGarvie, 2011). Further, patents can be used for other purposes, such as blocking competitors by obtaining broader patent protection than truly required, or improving the inventor's position in negotiations with other firms (Blind et al., 2006, Cockburn, 2009). If patents fulfill such fundamental roles, the competitive advantage derived from patenting should be reflected in the patenting firm's performance, which should be higher than that of similar non-patenting firms (Helmers and Rogers, 2011). Lee et al. (2000) argue that firms aiming to impede competitors from imitating their invention by applying for patents at an early stage of the product development process, can earn abnormal returns for an extended period of time. Several empirical studies support this argument and indicate a positive correlation between patenting activities and a firm's performance. Ernst (2001) examined the relationship between patent applications and subsequent changes in the firm's performance in the German machine tool industry, suggesting that patents have a positive impact on firm sales. Mann and Sager (2007) found evidence that patenting in small software start-ups is positively correlated to firm performance, although they used only indirect performance measures, such as the firm's exit status and its longevity. Similarly, Helmers and Rogers (2011) found that high-tech start-ups which use patents are less likely to fail and have a higher asset growth within the firm's first five years of existence than similar start-ups which did not patent. Although theoretical considerations and empirical evidence suggest a positive relationship between patents and firm performance, there is also some evidence that questions this positive relationship. First, this positive relationship may be industry-specific, such as between pharmaceuticals and chemicals (Mansfield, 1986; Arora et al., 2003). Second, evidence exists that patents have either a negative impact, or virtually no impact, on firm performance. Griliches et al. (1991) analyzed the influence of 340 U.S. firms' patenting practices on these firms' change in market value and found that they had almost no influence. Artz et al., (2010) examined a firm's ability to benefit from its inventions and innovations by studying their impact on a firm's return on assets and sales growth over a 19-year period in a sample of 272 firms in 35 industries. Whereas their findings suggest a positive relationship between product announcements and the firm's performance, a negative relationship was found between patents and the firm's performance. Suh and Hwang (2010) explored the effect of patents on the performance of software firms in South Korea, but did found a negative correlation with software revenues. In spite of prior research's partly contradictory results, we assume that patents have a positive impact on firm performance. The rationale behind this assumption is that if firms are the first to launch a new, or strongly improved product, or to introduce new production methods, they are likely to gain a competitive advantage in that particular market and realize higher margins (Andries and Faems 2013). Further, we assume that the more patents a firm owns, the bigger its competitive advantage and the better its performance.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Competitive Industrial Development in the Age of Information: The ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134683650 Richard J. Braudo, Jeffrey Macintosh - 2005 - Business & Economics Historically, economistshave viewed patent races, like competition in the ... however, that patent races in manycasesmay havetheopposite effect:24 Baumol ... over single competitors, seemlikelyto contribute to economicefficiency andthat'this ... relative innovation performance and thus formonitoring managerial behavior. [PDF]To Promote Innovation: The Proper Balance of Competition https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/...competition-and-patent-law.../innovationrpt.pdf Competition and Patent Law and Policy. A Report by the ... The Commission wishes to note the expertise and time contributed by Hearings participants. For all of ... among the federal policies that influence ...... Data on Overall Performance. B. The Changing Face of US Patent Law and Its Impact on Business Strategy https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1781007853 D.R. Cahoy, Daniel R. Cahoy, Lynda J. Oswald - 2013 - Law Titles in the series include: Corporate Strategies in the Age of Regional ... Sara L. McGaughey Industrial Innovation and Firm Performance The Impact of ... Searches related to impact of competition and patent age on the performance contribution what is the economic impact of patent protection how do patents encourage innovation do patents help the economy patents and innovation an empirical study monopolists have no incentive to innovate as patents expire after a while. foundational patent public vs. private standards are respectively: do patents increase innovation
