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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اثرات تضادی آبیاری و کوددهی بر تنوع گیاهی در مراتع یونجه
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Contrasting effects of irrigation and fertilization on plant diversity in hay meadows
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Semi-natural grasslands are key habitats for biodiversity conservation (Poschlod & Wallis DeVries 2002; Baur et al. 2006) but have declined due to management intensification and abandonment within the past centuries (Poschlod, Bakker, & Kahmen 2005, Wesche, Krause, Culmsee, & Leuschner 2012). In grasslands, plant species diversity and vegetation structure are mainly determined by soil nutrient availability, frequency and timing of mowing or grazing, natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as flooding, drought and fire as well as land improvement (Hopkins & Holz 2006). Extensive management practices are crucial drivers for biodiversity (Waldhardt 2003; Kleijn et al. 2009). However, it is challenging to combine biodiversity conservation with efficient agricultural land-use (Tscharntke et al. 2012), as high biomass production in grasslands seems to entail low species richness (Guo 2007; Lamb 2008). In Central Europe, land use patterns of extensive management have been developed over centuries and have thus shaped regionalspecies and habitat assemblages. This makes it necessary to understand the impact of traditional management regimes on the regional biodiversity (Jongman 2002). Traditional grassland management regimes are characterized by no or low fertilizer applications, low stocking rates and late cutting and are frequently seen asthe key for maintaining grassland biodiversity, which has become a primary goal of environmental policy (Muller 2002; Isselstein, Jeangros, & Pavlu 2005). Agri-environment schemes promote traditional extensive grassland management to preserve biodiversity by compensation payments but their efficiency is questionable (Kleijn & Sutherland 2003, Humbert, Pellet, Buri, & Arlettaz 2012). Lowland meadow irrigation using open water channels used to be common to improve hay production (moistening irrigation and fertilizing irrigation), soil temperature regulation and pest control (Leibundgut 2004; Schellberg 2005; Leibundgut & Kohn 2014a). These traditional irrigation systems have been widely abandoned throughout Europe due to the ongoing intensification of agriculture or have been replaced by e.g. sprinkler-irrigation systems (Hassler 1995; Riedener, Rusterholz, & Baur 2013, Leibundgut & Kohn 2014a). In Germany, irrigation history can be traced back to the 12th and 13th century (Endriss 1951) and had its prime time during the 19th century, where a relevant fertilization effect of irrigation is assumed because river water contained unfiltered sewage (Schellberg 2005). Irrigation techniques were adapted to the local conditions and historical development creating heterogeneous landscape patterns (Leibundgut & Kohn 2014a) possibly influencing biodiversity at larger spatial scales. Since then, water meadows in Germany decreased from about 250,000 ha to a few thousand hectares during the 20th century (Leibundgut 2004).The general character of these water meadows is largely replaced by areas of intensified agriculture and their naturally high biodiversity is degraded (Leibundgut 2004). Meadow irrigation and fertilization can influence both the floristic composition and species richness through various factors. The impact of fertilization is well studied but results are manifold (Humbert, Dwyer, Andrey, & Arlettaz 2016): the reaction varies from unimodal (Kleijn et al. 2009) over linear decrease with rising nitrogen input (Suding et al. 2005) to exponential decrease in species richness (Kleijn et al. 2009). Mineral nitrogen fertilization promotes the growth of nitrophilous grassspecies and thus has a detrimental effect on plant diversity by competitive exclusion of less nitrophilous (Gaujour, Amiaud, Mignolet, & Plantureux 2012 and references therein) and understory species (Hautier, Niklaus, & Hector 2009). Species with a low abundance are the first to disappear if meadows are fertilized with nitrogen (Suding et al. 2005; Kleijn et al. 2009), which has negative effects for plant species diversity (beta diversity). Irrigation management with frequent flooding and draining and the installation of the open water channels can shape mosaic-like vegetation patterns reflecting the varying soil-water conditions (Hoppe 2012; Riedener et al. 2013) and affecting plant diversity (Riedener et al. 2013; Andrey, Humbert, Pernollet, & Arlettaz 2014) as well as functional composition (Müller et al. 2016). Both meadow irrigation and fertilization aim to increase biomass production (Leibundgut 2004). Intensively managed grasslands with high fertilization rates and high biomass production, however, go along with low species richness (Lamb 2008). The negative impact of fertilization on species diversity is well-studied whereasthe long-term consequences of irrigation on both biodiversity and biomass production remain controversial (Hassler 1995 and references therein)
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کلمات کلیدی:
Contrasting effects of irrigation and fertilization on plant diversity in hay ... https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/5270685 by IB Müller - 2016 - Cited by 3 - Related articles In an observational field study we examined the long-term impact of traditional irrigation, fertilization and biomass production on plant diversity of hay meadows. PDF(451K) - Wiley Online Library onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12169/pdf by FW Kirkham - 2014 - Cited by 8 - Related articles Aug 29, 2013 - species-rich upland and lowland mesotrophic hay meadows in the UK. ... Key-words: botanical diversity, farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizer, ... Soil microbial community, fertility, vegetation and diversity as targets in ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00780.x/pdf by RS Smith - 2003 - Cited by 128 - Related articles The enhancement of biodiversity in meadow grassland, an environmental aim of ... Management treatments were three hay-cut dates, plus two mineral fertilizer, two seed addition and two ... and seed application on plant species diversity and. [PDF]Patterns of plant species richness in Alpine hay meadows: Local vs ... citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.462.6474&rep=rep1... 2008 - Cited by 52 - Related articles Patterns of plant species richness in Alpine hay meadows: Local vs. landscape controls ... intensive meadow management on plant diversity. .... The fertilisation. Production and Diversity of Enchytraeids, Earthworms and Plants in ... https://www.jstor.org/stable/2403055 by V Standen - 1984 - Cited by 47 - Related articles EARTHWORMS AND PLANTS IN FERTILIZED HAY. MEADOW ... The Palace Leas experimental hay meadow plots at Cockle Park, Northumberland, provided ... Vascular plant and Orthoptera diversity in relation to grassland ... agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do;jsessionid...ar... Vascular plant and Orthoptera diversity in relation to grassland management and ... on diversity patterns of vascular plants and Orthoptera in Alpine hay meadows. ... regimes defined by different amounts of fertilizer nitrogen applied and cutting ...
