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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اثر آفت کش ها در ترکیب اجتماعات ماکروفون آبزی در خندق های مزرعه
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The effect of pesticides on the composition of aquatic macrofauna communities in field ditches
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Ditches are the typical aquatic ecosystems in the Netherlands and in addition to their direct function of water level control also have high aquatic biodiversity (Verdonschot, Keizer-Vlek, & Verdonschot 2012). Drainage ditches contain high numbers of aquatic plant and animal species, as well as semi-terrestrial species. Macrofauna in turn play an important role in the food chain and biochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the presence of macrofauna in the sediments enhancesthe microbial nitrogen cycle by bioturbation. Bioturbation facilitatesthe transport of inorganic and organic nitrogen between sediment and water (Kristensen & Kostka 2005; Laverock, Gilbert, Tait, Osborn, & Widdicombe 2011). Thus, macrofauna take part in the processes of nitrification and denitrification, which in turn link nutrients in water to microbial communities in sediments (Stief 2013). Macrofauna living in the water column feed on unicellular algae and bacteria, consuming fixed nitrogen and controlling the nitrogen pool in aquatic ecosystems (Stief 2013). To protect aquatic biodiversity and its ecosystem functions, it isimportant to understand the effects of chemicals on aquatic biota in the field. The reason for this is that in the real environment various abiotic and biotic factors influence the performance of aquatic organisms and affect the fate of pesticidesin the aquatic environment. Severalstudies emphasized the importance of considering ecological parameters in ecotoxicologicalstudies(Maund et al. 1997; Liess et al. 2003). A number ofstudies did include ecological factorsin the assessment of pesticide effects on aquatic biota in the field. For instance, in the field study of Berenzen, Kumke, Schulz, and Schulz (2005) the effects of pesticides on macroinvertebrates were analyzed in combination with stream characteristics and water chemistry parameters. The study of Szöcs, Kefford, and Schäfer (2012) addressed the effects of pesticides in combination with salinity and other environmental factors (habitat and water chemistry parameters) on macroinvertebrate communities in streams. Martin, Bertaux, Le Ber, Maillard, and Imfeld (2011) investigated the responses of macroinvertebrate communitiesin stormwater wetlandsto pesticide runoff taking into account physicochemical characteristics, hydromorphological features and vegetation coverage. Bollmohr et al. (2011) assessed the effects of pesticides along with physicochemical characteristics on meiobenthic communities in estuary. However, to our knowledge, the effects of pesticides on aquatic biota in combination with abiotic, biotic factors and time have not been previously studied in the field. In the present study we aimed to quantify what proportion of the total variance in community composition of aquatic macrofauna (including crustaceans, annelids, molluscs, fish, insects) can be explained by pesticides, environmental factors (water chemistry parameters and macrophyte coverage), presence of other biota (abundance of other macrofauna groups) and time (seasonal and annual variation). To answer these questions, macrofauna sampling, measurements of water chemistry parameters and pesticide concentrations in ditches of Dutch polders with intensive flower bulb crops were performed during two consecutive years (2011–2012). Variance partitioning based on the redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to rank the groups of explanatory variables (pesticides, environmental factors, biota, time and shared variance) with respect to the amount of explained variance.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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