دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین آنالیز هزینه منفعت انرژی و محیط زیست از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
درس هایی از آنالیز هزینه-منفعت انرژی و محیط زیست
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The probability of discovery
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Particle physics
One direction of curiosity-driven research, with which the author is particularly familiar, is so-called high energy physics or particle physics. Particle physics aims to unveil the fundamental laws that govern the interactions and dynamics of the smallest constituents of matter, and to understand what the Universe is made of. Particle physics is a discipline that developed in the second half of the last century, after the discoveries of quantum mechanics, the structure of the atom and nucleus, and the first discoveries of several particle types in the first part. Detector techniques such as emulsions, cloud and bubble chambers, were used to discover that there were more particles in Nature than the ones assumed to that date (1930s) i.e. the electron, proton and photon. Many of these new particles were found in so called cosmic rays, i.e. beams of particles that come from outer space and hit the earth's atmosphere, leading to showers of particles that propagate through the atmosphere to the surface of our planet. Next they were produced in the first particle accelerators, or also called atom smashers, by converting energy of the incoming beam particle on the target via Einstein's best-known formula: E = Mc2 , i.e. the conversion between energy (E) and mass (M) via the speed of light (c). By the end of the 50s the whole zoo of newly-found particles was so large that many scientists started to feel uncomfortable with the sheer amount of them. Hence new theoretical models were proposed that analyzed the patterns and suggested that there would be a more fundamental underlying structure for the particles called ‘hadrons’. Hadrons (greek: thick) are subatomic particles that can take part in the strong interaction – one of the fundamental forces of Nature – that binds protons inside the nuclei of atoms. Hadrons differ from another class of particles called leptons (greek: light) such as the electrons and muons, by their interaction via the strong force. Leptons to date are still presumed to be point-like elementary particles. Physicists have theorized since the 1960s, and ample experimental evidence since has confirmed the picture that hadrons are made up of so called smaller entities called quarks. At first this was thought just to be a mathematical tool, but these quarks were actually discovered in 1969 at two-mile long accelerator at the SLAC laboratory near the Stanford Campus in Palo Alto, California. This discovery had far-reaching consequences for our understanding on the smallest building blocks we know of in Nature.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Molecular Complexity and Its Impact on the Probability of Finding ... pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ci000403i by MM Hann - 2001 - Cited by 762 - Related articles Apr 27, 2001 - ... and Its Impact on the Probability of Finding Leads for Drug Discovery ... are more common starting points for the discovery of drugs. On the probability of discovery of Comets adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1959MmSAI..30....3K by R Kurth - 1959 - Cited by 1 - Related articles A method to determine the probability of discovery of comets is presented. Its purpose is to correct the observed statistics of orbital elements for effects of ... Molecular complexity and its impact on the probability of finding leads ... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11410068 by MM Hann - 2001 - Cited by 762 - Related articles J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 2001 May-Jun;41(3):856-64. Molecular complexity and its impact on the probability of finding leads for drug discovery. Hann MM(1) ... Searches related to The probability of discovery history of probability and statistics probability mathematicians history of probability timeline history of probability pdf history of probability ppt who is the father of probability what is the theory of probability why is it important to understand probability
