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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
پیامدهای تغییرات شغلی داوطلبانه در آلمان: یک تجزیه و تحلیل چند مرحله ای برای 1985 تا 2013
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Consequences of voluntary job changes in Germany: A multilevel analysis for 1985–2013
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. Results
On average a VJC leads to a financial benefit. Note, however, that about one third (33.6%) report a decreased or unchanged income level. The grand mean of a VJC-related wage change over the report years is 10.69%. This is a 5.95% higher increase than for the matched sample with NJC 4.74% (NVJC = 3321; p b .0001). Has this financial benefit become more distinct over the years? The first hypothesis suggests a decrease in income gains after VJC in the period from 1985 to 2013. The LR test for the VJC sample reveals that a multilevel random intercept model is more appropriate to explain variance in wage changes than the OLS regression (χbar2 (1) = 7.42; p b .01 and also Breusch–Pagan test χbar2 (1) = 11.67; p b .001). This test-result suggests that the level of income gains varies with the years. Adding time and economic situation as macro variables as well as wage, job-group, past VJC, tenure, age and sex as individual variables further improves the model fit to explain the financial outcomes of VJC. Cross-level interaction effects, however, cannot be supported from our data. The impact of the controlling variables has not changed over time. The following results (see Table 4) are therefore drawn from model 3 including the macro and micro-level (see Table 3). The first item worthy of mention is a trend over time towards lower income gains after a VJC (b = −.19; p b .01). Besides there is a separate positive effect of the economic situation on the total amount of income gains (b = 2.10; p b .01). The individual variables job-group and wage help to differentiate the level of income gains for various groups of employees. Professionals profit the most by far from a VJC (b = 16.56; p b .001), followed by white collar employees (b = 5.19; p b .001). A VJC seems to pay off the least for blue collars. Remarkably, our results also suggest that low-paid employees profit the most. The medium income group benefits significantly less and the high-paid employees report the least income gain (b = −14.51 and −24.24; p b .001). Younger employees report higher proportional income gains (b = −.162; p b .001) and females have an averaged 5.05% lower income gain than their male colleagues (b = −5.05; p b .001). The level of income gains is neither affected by tenure nor by the frequency of previous VJCs. In a second analysis, we have compared VJC income gains to the income gains of NJT. The average wage growth for NJT on a yearly basis was subtracted from individual wage changes due to a VJC. The dependent variable income gain thus indicates the surplus benefit above the average income gain received by stayers. This alternative operationalization of income gain makes the macro effects disappear (χbar2 (1) = 1.26; p = .13). Thus the time-trend and the impact of the economic cycle found before are not specific to VJC but seem to have a similar effect on NJT, too.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Compensating wage differentials and voluntary job changes ... https://ideas.repec.org/p/upf/upfgen/738.html by E Villanueva - 2004 - Cited by 19 - Related articles Using longitudinal information from workers in the German Socio Economic Panel ... wage differentials and voluntary job changes: Evidence from West Germany ... Volunteering in Germany: Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr - Young Germany www.young-germany.de/topic/work/volunteering-in-germany-freiwilliges-soziales-jahr Mar 10, 2014 - Stuck for vocational or academic inspiration or direction? Keen to undertake work that makes a difference and contributes to society? Volunteering for the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 23) in ... https://www.unv.org/cop23 Volunteering for the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 23) in November 2017, Germany ... The contribution of volunteers — through hard work and advocacy efforts ... COP 23, which will take place 6-17 November in Bonn, Germany. Searches related to voluntary job changes in Germany volunteer work in germany for foreigners volunteer in germany refugees volunteer in germany free volunteer in germany 2017 volunteer visa germany volunteer in germany short term how to apply for social year in germany volunteering in german language