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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
شناسایی وظایف مبارزه با بقای مرتبط با آسیب عروق نیروی دریایی در محیط های دریایی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The identification of combat survivability tasks associated with naval vessel damage in maritime environments
سال انتشار : 2017
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Active combat has illustrated the devastating effect weaponry such as anti-ship missiles, torpedoes and mines can have on naval vessels. To survive such attacks, it is necessary for the conduct of physically demanding and time critical firefighting, leak stopping and structural repair in order to maintain operability (Famme and Taylor, 1992; Brown et al., 2000). Even during peacetime, knowledge of- and proficiency in-damage control cannot be relaxed due to the ever present potential for fire, collision and/or grounding of maritime vessels (Zhu et al., 2002). The main aims for employing combat survivability measures include limiting the extent of damage and protecting personnel from the effects of vessel damage. These aims cannot be met if proficiencies in combat survivability are not maintained through regular training and exercise. The skill sets involved in combat survivability are perishable and any decline can be catastrophic, involving the potential for loss of resources and/or life (Report of the board of enquiry, 2003). The physical demands of specific whole-of-ship tasks performed by Navy personnel have previously been investigated (Bilzon et al., 2001; Bilzon et al., 2002). These studies were conducted on a single Frigate of the Royal Navy and identified that many common tasks, especially those relating to combat survivability, are whole-of-ship tasks performed by the entire ship's company. In fact, many Navy personnel spend a greater proportion of their work time performing these whole-of-ship tasks than category-specific tasks (Dowrick et al., 2007). For example, shipboard firefighting is a physically demanding task that all personnel are required to perform if required, with an aerobic demand of up to 43 ± 6 ml min1 $kg1 for a manual handling task (Bilzon et al., 2001), which is similar to the 43 ml min1 $kg1 reported during civilian firefighting (Gledhill and Jamnik, 1992). Manual handling tasks during firefighting seem to be common among firefighting services with the majority of fireground work involving dragging and carrying (Phillips et al., 2012). It is possible that combat survivability related whole-of-ship tasks are common across platforms, and the analysis conducted by Bilzon and colleagues (2001, 2002) may not necessarily cover the physical demands of the same tasks conducted on other platforms. When investigating common intra- and inter-platform tasks, a number of factors must be taken into account. Each ship class has its own set of unique characteristics. For example, the platforms of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) range in size from about 35 m to 190 m in length, have two-to-six main working decks and vary in crew size from about 15 personnel to 200 personnel (Royal Australian Navy, 2015). These characteristics may dictate the physical and physiological demands of certain tasks, even those that are common across platforms. It is essential in the development of physical employment standards in maritime environments that job task analyses (Sharkey and Davis, 2008) are conducted to identify common inter- and intra-platform tasks and the characteristics of such platforms are taken into consideration. This will ensure that tests are developed that ensure personnel have the appropriate physical capacity to safely and effectively carry out those tasks (Larsen and Aisbett, 2012). Therefore the aim of the current study was to identify the common intra- and inter-platform whole-of-ship tasks of the RAN. It was expected that common intra- and inter-platform whole-ofship tasks would be identified and the potential of a ‘baseline’ physical employment standard for naval forces would be viable.
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