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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تعریف خطر سمی آتش سوزی در ساختمان
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Quantification of toxic hazard from fires in buildings
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Fire effluent toxicity is responsible for the majority of deaths, and the majority of injuries, from unwanted fires [1]. Fire safety engineers have been very successful in minimising structural failure in building fires, but no simple methodology exists to estimate the toxic hazard from burning building materials and/or contents. The toxic hazard is the potential for harm resulting from exposure to toxic combustion products [2]. The toxic hazard depends on two major parameters: the mass loss rate of the burning object; and the toxicity of the fire effluent it produces per unit mass of fuel, which is itself a function of both the material composition and the fire condition. Only with an estimate of toxic hazard will a builder, architect or fire safety engineer be able to ensure the fire safety of a building, by being able to demonstrate that the available safe escape time (ASET) exceeds the required safe escape time (RSET) [3]. In Europe, the Construction Products Regulations [4] require the fire performance of construction products to be tested and labelled according to their Euroclass (e.g. A1 is non-combustible; D is typical for untreated timber; F is untested etc.). This assesses fire performance in terms of established parameters such as fire growth rate (FIGRA), heat release rate (HRR) and smoke growth rate (SMOGRA). Surprisingly, fire toxicity is not part of the Euroclass system. The Euroclasses are based on performance in a room scale reference scenario, in this case the ISO 9705 room [5]. To save testing such large quantities of each product, intermediate scale tests have been developed, which are supposed to replicate behaviour in the reference scenario. Thus, the allocation of most Euroclasses is based on performance in the single burning item (SBI) test, EN 13823 [6]. This paper describes a methodology for using the Euroclass to estimate the mass loss. In the assessment of flammability, such as in the Euroclass system, the worst case scenario is the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration, 21% oxygen (by volume). In the assessment of fire toxicity, the yields of most toxicants increase by a factor of around 20 when the oxygen concentration falls to 15% (by volume) [7]. The toxic product yields may be determined for each material as a function of fire condition. Reliable data has been widely reported from the steady state tube furnace (ISO TS 19700) [8] and the fire propagation apparatus (ISO 12136) [9] for both well-ventilated and under-ventilated flaming; it has been reported from the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660) with a non-standard controlled atmosphere enclosure, but only appears to replicate the least toxic, well-ventilated flaming condition [10]. By combining the toxicity data, most easily expressed as a material-LC50 (the mass of material required to produce a lethal fire effluent of volume 1 m3 ), for a particular fire condition, with the mass loss over a fixed time (10 min in the current work), a methodology is proposed for quantifying the volume of toxic effluent produced by burning construction materials within an enclosure. This allows a maximum safe loading of construction materials to be quantified for a given volume of enclosure. This is intended to ensure that estimates of toxic hazard are undertaken as part of any fire hazard assessment, not to replace more rigorous engineering analyses. It will allow architects and builders to ensure that their materials’ selection does not compromise fire safety.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Quantification of toxic hazard from fires in buildings iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/E3665.pdf Quantification of toxic hazard from fires in buildings. T. Richard Hull a,n, Dieter Brein b, Anna A. Stec a a Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of ... Quantification of toxic hazard from fires in buildings - Publikationen in ... https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000067785 Translate this page Zugehörige Institution(en) am KIT, Engler-Bunte-Institut (EBI). Publikationstyp, Zeitschriftenaufsatz. Jahr, 2016. Sprache, Englisch. Identifikator, DOI: ... Quantification of toxic hazard from fires in buildings Free Download ... isi-dl.com/item/324427 Quantification of toxic hazard from fires in buildings. sciencedirect.com. Source Link, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710216300237?via= ... Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1849735697 David Purser, Robert Maynard, James Wakefield - 2015 - Medical ... use of materials with high fire toxicity in high risk applications such as tall buildings. ... Reliable rate of heat release, fire effluent toxicity and smoke generation data are ... Various apparatus and protocols for quantifying fire effluent toxicity in ... Catalog of National Bureau of Standards Publications, 1966-1976 https://books.google.com/books?id=vrnQWbs0xAYC 1978 - Government publications Hayward notation; Information retrieval; Linear notation; Structures; Substructure ... Hazard analysis; Interior furnishings; Toxicity; Bibliographies; Building fires; ... Catalog of National Bureau of Standards Publications, 1966-1976: pt. ... https://books.google.com/books?id=UfRzyDVEcnwC United States. National Bureau of Standards, Betty L. Burris, Rebecca J. Morehouse - 1978 - Government publications Hayward notation; Information retrieval; Linear notation; Structures; Substructure ... Hazard analysis; Interior furnishings; Toxicity; Bibliographies; Building fires; ... Publications of the National Bureau of Standards ... catalog https://books.google.com/books?id=P_C2AAAAIAAJ United States. National Bureau of Standards - 1975 - Reference Fire control, fire detection; fire research; fire spread; flam inability. . building design; ... fire test; Operation BREAKTHROUGH: plastic pipe: PVC; smoke; toxic gases; ... Fire hazard; fire investigation; flammability testing; hazard analysis; hazard ... [PDF]Toxic Hazard of Building Products and Furnishings - NIST fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire01/PDF/f01124.pdf there has been a broad effort to include consideration of smoke toxicity in fire .... Perhaps the seminal document in the early era of toxic hazard analysis resulted ...
