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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
پیش بینی تاثیر اجتماعی و اقتصادی LHC: تجزیه و تحلیل هزینه-سود تا سال 2025 و فراتر از آن
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Forecasting the socio-economic impact of the Large Hadron Collider: A cost–benefit analysis to 2025 and beyond
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. The Large Hadron Collider
The LHC is currently the largest particle accelerator in the world. A particle accelerator is a device in which particles (protons and atomic nuclei, in the case of the LHC) are accelerated and made to collide with a target or with each other, with the goal of studying the structure of matter. Particles are accelerated by subjecting them to electric fields and are collimated into focused beams by magnetic fields. Particle beams travel in a pipe in which a vacuum has been established and are brought to collide in experimental areas in which the debris from the collisions is accurately measured by devices called detectors, which allow for an accurate reconstruction of what has happened during the collision. The main goal of the LHC is to study the precise nature of the forces that govern fundamental interactions at the shortest distances that are currently accessible, which requires the colliding particles to hit each other at the highest possible energy. In operation since 2009, a first goal was reached with the discovery in 2012 of the “Higgs boson,” at the time the only major missing piece of information in the existing theory of fundamental interactions. Current research involves both investigating the properties of the newly discovered Higgs boson and searches for deviations from the current theory, which is believed to be incomplete, and is foreseen to continue for at least about another decade. The LHC was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Construction work lasted from 1993 to 2008. The LHC is the largest element of a chain of machines that accelerate particles to increasingly higher energies—the CERN accelerator complex. The accelerator complex is developed, maintained, and operated by CERN. This facility is exploited by the experimental Collaborations that perform experiments in the areas where collisions occur. Each experiment is based on a detector, designed, built, and operated by a Collaboration that involves both the participation of CERN and of scientists from a number of institutions (universities and research labs) from several countries. Four main experiments exploit LHC collisions; the two largest ones both involve several thousand scientists from several hundred institutions in almost fifty countries. The corresponding detectors are roughly the size of a ten-story building. When observing particle collisions, the four experiments produce about 1 GB of data per second, which are either analyzed inside by LHC Collaborations or sent to a number of other computer centers around the world, connected through the worldwide LHC computer grid. This context is particularly challenging for cost–benefit analysis for several reasons. First, this is a very large infrastructure by all measures: number of people involved, physical size, cost. Also, it has an especially complicated structure due to the intricate interplay of accelerator and detectors in the experimental Collaborations between the host laboratory (CERN) and its participating institutions, with the large number of countries and different kinds of organizations involved (universities, research labs, national academies). This poses difficult cost apportionment and aggregation issues when attempting to estimate costs and benefits. Second, the life-span (both past and future) of the facility is quite long: this requires both retrospective evaluation and appraisal techniques, since capital costs for the LHC were incurred starting from 1993 and the generation of both operating costs and benefits are expected to continue for some years in the future. Third, because the LHC is an infrastructure for fundamental research, the evaluation of its benefits cannot be based on an estimate of the applications of its discoveries.
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کلمات کلیدی:
PDF]Presentazione standard di PowerPoint - CSIL Centre for Industrial ... https://www.csilmilano.com/PDF/News/2015/OECD_M-Florio_Nov-3-2015.pdf Nov 3, 2015 - The case of the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN. Massimo Florio ..... Pancotti, C. et al (2015), The Socio-Economic Impact of the. National ... The socio-economic impact of large-scale research infrastructures ... https://storify.com/FCC_study/the-socio-economic-impact-of-large-scale-research- Following the cost-benefit analysis of the Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ), a project funded by the European Investment Bank, CERN partners met with the ... [PDF]lhc: cost-benefit economic analysis to 2025 and beyond » interview - Infn home.infn.it/newsletter-eu/pdf/NEWSLETTER_INFN_22_inglese_pag5.pdf The Cost-benefit analysis of the Large Hadron Collider to 2025 and beyond .... other things, we also considered the significant social impact on computing, ... [PDF]ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TRIUMF www.triumf.ca/sites/default/files/MMK-EconomicImpact-Study-vFINAL.pdf report also examines the broader socio-economic impacts that TRIUMF ... Large Hadron Collider, T2K, CSUNS) that are seeking answers to questions of.
