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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
کارآفرینی اجتماعی و مردم بومی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Social entrepreneurship and indigenous people
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
In the mainstream western-style vision on corporations, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an important theme (Carroll, 1999). At the same time, the influence of indigenous values and beliefs on entrepreneurship is a neglected area of research. Indigenous paradigms differ considerably from the contemporary Western-style vision on entrepreneurship and economic development. Protection of ecological balance, solidarity, cultural preservation, holistic view, and social economic equity are core values and beliefs of indigenous people. The influence of indigenous perspectives on the social economy has been discussed in the academic literature (Anderson, Dana, & Dana, 2006; Loomis, 2000; Quarter, Mook, & Armstrong, 2009; Wuttunee, 2010). The social mission of development corporations on reserves is an important issue for First Nations people, since poverty in First Nations communities is one of the most pressing problems within Canada (Helin, 2008). Therefore, development corporations can help First Nations with improving their social and material wellbeing through surplus redistribution generated by development corporations and through investments in education, health and job training, and employment creation.Organizations of the social economy share some common characteristics such as: social objectives in their mission statements, social or community ownership, social participation, and community engagement (McMurtry, 2010; Quarter et al., 2009). Wuttunee (2010) argues that “community capitalism” has been used by indigenous people to describe their approach to development. This approach includes profit-making and community well-being (Wood, 1999). Indigenous communities may engage in capitalistic activities for the benefits of their society. There are alternative ways of organizing economic life than through the mechanisms of market exchange. At the community level, surpluses can be redistributed by some kind of local political power. Mohan and Stokke (2000) argue about the pitfalls of romanticizing local communities. They mention that ‘a global sense of place’ is required instead of conceptualisations of the ‘local’ as discrete communities. This is not an outright rejection of the local, but a trend in the contemporary globalisation process. Groenfeldt (2003) argues that indigenous visioning exercises in a rural setting are a critical step in reclaiming cultural identity. At the global stage, anti-globalisation movements, environmentalists, and indigenous movements recognize the destructive impact of capitalism in the form of externalities and realize that economic success should not always be measured by simple standards of profit, but should include the concept of triple bottom line by adding social and environmental costs. First PeoplesWorldwide (2013)found that 43% of the extraction of natural resources takes place on sites located on indigenous territories. “Asset stripping” is not a solution to economic prosperity for local communities. Sustainable entrepreneurship is essential in order to prevent excessive exploitation of natural resources on First Nations reserves. Preserving the land and governing the extraction of oil, gas and other resources are fundamental for First Nations people in order to improve their livelihoods and cultures in the future. There is a growing sense among Aboriginal people that there are alternative economic systems that are more aligned with their culture and values than the market-based economy which focuses on individualism and Western values
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