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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اختلالات، تصمیم گیری، و مقصد: سن پرینت سه بعدی و ساخت افزودنی وارد کنید
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Disruptions, decisions, and destinations: Enter the age of 3-D printing and additive manufacturing
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی :
For most technologies, the first working versions are usually bulky, expensive, and slow. They initially remainlargely in the lab,unknownto thegeneralpublic. When these technologies become more affordable and user-friendly,they enterthe market assupposedly new inventions. 3-D printing is no exception. It has stayed underthe public radarsince 1983, when design engineer Charles ‘‘Chuck’’ Hull was frustrated by the long wait time and expense of having new injection molded parts produced. Even after design and blueprints were completed and the mold was made by a toolmaker, it would be weeks–—if not months–—until the part was delivered (Hessman, 2013). Hull’s ‘stereolithography’ overcame these problems and allowed rapid casting of metal parts for large manufacturers such as automotive companies. Hull’s process, which forms the basis of 3-D printing today, differs from traditional production processes in one fundamental way: it is not subtractive. Traditionally, most production techniques create three-dimensional products through ‘subtractive manufacturing,’ whereby undesirable or superfluous material is removed to arrive at the desired artifact. This is an age-old process. For example, a totem is carved by removing pieces of timber from the trunk of a cedar tree, and a wooden lamp stand is produced by using a lathe to cut superfluous wood to arrive at the desired shape. Most artifacts today are still produced at least in part by means of subtractive machining techniques such as grinding, cutting, drilling, filing, turning, or milling. Even non-machined products are fabricated in a similar fashion; for instance, maple syrup is made by boiling off water from the sap until the desired sugar concentration is reached. Subtraction is everywhere, and that’s why 3-D printing as an additive process is so revolutionary. ‘Additive manufacturing,’ as the name suggests, builds products from the bottom up, just as children of all ages construct complex artifacts by combining simple Lego blocks. Additive manufacturing is a little more complex, but can be thought of as a computercontrolled hot glue gun that uses a carefully calculated and measured combination of basic elements that bond together as they are laid down, by adding each layer to the previous (Berman, 2012; H. J. Brown, 2012). With the 3-D printing mantra, ‘‘if you can draw it, you can print it,’’ any computer generated 3-D model can be produced. With a 3-D printer in-house, the substantial improvements in prototype production speed for which Hull yearned 30 years ago can be achieved today at a fraction of the cost. Indeed, it is this combination of flexibility, speed, and low cost that makes this technology so disruptive. Nowadays, a variety of 3-D printers–—some as small as a desktop paper printer–—are available to anyone. They range in price from $300 for the cheapest option, to mid-range models between $500—$2,000, and about $3,000 for high-end versions. Industrial 3-D printers and those that can use advanced materials, however, are much more expensive. Basic 3-D printers are no longer only available in specialty stores: They can be purchased at regular electronics retailers such as Amazon, Office Depot, and Wal-Mart. There are even downloadable open-source instructions on how one can build a 3-D printer at home.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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