دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین نوآوری و استاندارد سازی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نوآوری و استاندارد سازی: تاثیر طراحی غالب بر عملکرد نوآورانه، نوآوری رادیکال و نوآوری در فرآیند
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Innovation and de facto standardization: The influence of dominant design on innovative performance, radical innovation, and process innovation
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Theory and hypotheses
This article studies the influence of standardization and dominant design on innovation on the industry level. To better understand the concepts of dominant design and standardization, we start by defining the basic terms in the context of this article. We then examine the existing theory about the impact of dominant design on subsequent innovation and formulate related hypotheses. 2.1. Definition and distinction of dominant design and standardization The definition of dominant design has evolved over time from a broad concept to a more specific phenomenon. Srinivasan et al. (2006) and Narayanan and Chen (2012) provide very useful overviews of various definitions of dominant design including the definitions by authors such as Abernathy and Utterback (1978), Anderson and Tushman (1990), and Christensen, et al. (1998), which we complement with the definition of Murmann and Frenken (2006). They state that a “dominant design exists in a technological class when the majority of designs have the same technologies for the high-pleiotropy core components” (Murmann and Frenken, 2006, p. 23). In the context of the marketplace, James Utterback defined dominant design as a design that “wins the allegiance of the marketplace […] that competitors and innovators must adhere to if they hope to command significant market following” (Utterback, 1994, p. 24). In other words, market forces may inevitably lead to acceptance of a product's design as the leading design in the industry or product category (Abernathy and Utterback, 1978; Utterback, 1994; Srinivasan et al., 2006). This phenomenon is also described as de facto standard or dominant design (Soh, 2010), which is the object of examination of this article. In this context, we emphasize that dominant design and standards are strongly related, but not identical concepts, even if prior research has used these terms synonymously (Katz and Shapiro, 1986; Anderson and Tushman, 1990; Besen and Farrell, 1994; Schilling, 1998). Following the remarks of Srinivasan et al. (2006), we define standards as the inevitable requirement for technical specifications of products resulting from the interdependence among several components (Srinivasan et al., 2006) – standards are mainly implemented in industrial norms. From this perspective three aspects differentiate standards from dominant designs: Firstly, standards have the functional purpose to connect different components of a product or service, independently of its manufacturer/service provider or its market acceptance, whereas market acceptance is a central prerequisite of a dominant design (Srinivasan et al., 2006). Secondly, dominant designs emerge from competition in the product life cycle after a long process of problem solving (Gawer and Cusumano, 2014 ), e.g. in the home video market when Blu-Ray won the competition against HD-DVD, whereas standards emerge from the previous competition of dominant designs (Shapiro and Varian, 1999) or, in other words, from the progressive nature of the product life cycle in which an industry is forced to standardize core components (Gawer and Cusumano, 2014). Thirdly, standards can comprise many dominant designs, e.g. in the mobile phone market with the subscriber identity models SIM, Mini-SIM, and Micro-SIM. Hence, if a market accepts particular technology standards defining the specifications for products in the entire industry, a dominant design is set. 2.2. The influence of dominant design on innovative performance The emergence of a dominant design in an industry is an important event, which directly affects the technology life cycle and indirectly affects the strategies and performance of firms in that industry (Srinivasan et al., 2006). The traditional perception of the interrelationship of standardization and innovation is that standardization hinders innovative performance (Blind, 2013). A common definition of innovative performance has been frequently discussed in innovation management research (Pakes and Griliches, 1980; Ahuja and Katila, 2001; Cockburn et al., 2010). In this article we define innovative performance in the context of an output factor as the cumulated results of innovative activities in an industry or product category. Nevertheless, standardization is also found to promote innovation if certain framework conditions are considered (Blind, 2013). Standards can explain technological specifics and therefore diffuse state of the art solutions (Swann, 2000). The firm that has brought up a dominant design shapes future generations of products, resulting in what Srinivasan et al. (2006) call an “architectural franchise” – a type of monopoly power which might lock out competition for a while and consequently increase innovative and firm performance (Schilling, 1998). Blind (2013) recently provided empirical evidence that standardization can promote innovation. By means of dominant design, innovation activities are positively influenced by avoiding a “lock-in into old technologies” (Blind, 2013, p. 9), by an increase of the efficiency of the supply chain through economies of scale and the reduction of product variety, which allows emerging technologies and industries to faster reach critical mass. On the other hand, dominant design can negatively influence innovation by the creation of monopoly power, the increase of competitors' costs, market concentration and a subsequent reduction in product choice, as well as a potentially premature selection of technologies (Swann, 2000). These negative effects are especially pronounced when a dominant design is protected by strong intellectual property rights (Woo et al., 2015).
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کلمات کلیدی:
Innovation and de facto standardization - Syddansk Universitet findresearcher.sdu.dk/.../innovation-and-de-facto-standardization(1e1cb9ee.../export.ht... Innovation and de facto standardization: The influence of dominant design on innovative performance, radical innovation, and process innovation. Publication: ... Dimensions of Standards for Technological Innovation - Institute for ... www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/.../Ho_2015_Dimensions_of_Standards_for_Technological_In... by JY Ho - Cited by 1 - Related articles roles of standards in supporting various activities of technological innovation, ..... standards between de facto standards and de jure standards, according to their ... The Role of Standards in Innovation - NIST - National Institute of ... ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=821473 by RH ALLEN - 2000 - Cited by 181 - Related articles between innovation and standards, we extract the negative impact and the positive .... of de facto standards in the computer marketplace today are the QWERTY" ... [PDF]Competing De Jure Standards, Good for Innovation? www.it-arch.org/images/Competing_Standards_Egyedi_Koppenhol.pdf Abstract. There is a strong belief that competition between de facto standards stimulates innovation and benefits consumers because it drives down the costs of ... [PDF]Standardization and innovation - International Organization for ... https://www.iso.org/iso/standardization_and_innovation.pdf May 5, 2017 - Innovation is defined by the Oslo Manual 1 of the Organisa- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as “ the implementation ...
