دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین مصرف طلا از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
بررسی مصرف طلا توسط مصرف کنندگان طبقه متوسط در بازارهای نوظهور: طلای پوشش داده شده
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Covered in Gold: Examining gold consumption by middle class consumers in emerging markets
سال انتشار : 2016
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله مصرف طلا اینجا کلیک نمایید.
مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
.1. Research background In the last several years, major media outlets have publicized the so-called “Chinese gold fever.” Although gold has been valued since trade first began, little is known about its consumption characteristics: the identities of buyers, their reasons for purchasing gold, and the quantities they desire. The social sciences have produced only limited studies about gold, mostly from macroeconomics or financial market perspectives (e.g., Capie, Mills, & Wood, 2005) rather than from consumers’ perspectives. One study that attempted to understand consumer demand for gold (jewelry, bars, coins, and medallions) examined only macro level indicators rather than individual purchasing behavior, and concluded that “no previous economic research has explored the socio-cultural factors accounting for cross-country variations of gold demand” (Starr & Tran, 2008). The extant literature also lacks cross-cultural comparative international studies regarding gold consumption. Some studies have focused on specific demand trends and determinants in India (Kannan & Dhal, 2008; Vaidyanathan, 1999) or have surveyed consumers to ascertain gold purchasing behavior in Thailand (Napompech, Tanpipat, & Ueatrakunkamol, 2010). International studies need to be consolidated to examine gold consumption from an etic approach. 1.2. Gold consumption and middle class status in emerging markets Gold is an especially important financial asset in emerging markets (EMs) where economic institutions are less developed. In the past two decades, EMs such as China, India, Vietnam, and Thailand exhibited increasing gold consumption as opposed to the stable world demand. Gold has long been viewed as an essential hedge against economic risks, especially inflation. Emerging market (EM) consumers have little trust in the few available financial institutions that offer limited investment options and are still at early stages of development. Consequently, gold is an ideal asset for retaining value in times of uncertainly, outside financial institutions (Starr & Tran, 2008). In addition, consumers in EMs have relatively low educational levels, have little financial sophistication, and have limited ability to borrow because local credit markets are immature. Thus consumers desire gold for precautionary wealth that retains its value and can be liquidated quickly as needed (Starr & Tran, 2008). EM consumers who have recently achieved middle class (MC) status are especially attracted to gold. With rising disposable income, they spend more on discretionary consumption such as recreational products and services, transportation, communicaE-mail address: jingting.a.liu@gmail.com (J. Liu). tion, health care, and education (Farrell, Gersch, & Stephenson,
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله مصرف طلا اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
Covered with gold Crossword Clue, Crossword Solver | Wordplays.com www.wordplays.com/crossword-solver/Covered-with-gold Answers for Covered-with-gold crossword clue. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major ... Covered In Gold by Yeo | Yeo | Free Listening on SoundCloud https://soundcloud.com/snackswithyeo/covered-in-gold Stream Covered In Gold by Yeo from desktop or your mobile device. STS – Covered In Gold Lyrics | Genius Lyrics https://genius.com › S › STS Covered In Gold Lyrics: Spittin' image of perfection; yo quick question, baby can I get directions? / She said: "To where?" / I said I'm trying to get to heaven / I was ... OZ – Covered In Gold Lyrics | Genius Lyrics https://genius.com › O › OZ Covered In Gold Lyrics: Covered In Gold (X3) / Covered In Gold / I whip on the road, I whip on the stove / It's covered in gold / I whip cross the globe, I whip pass ... As Good As Gold: Are Satellites Covered in Gold Foil? | NOAA NESDIS https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/good-gold-are-satellites-covered-gold-foil While they may seem like they are draped in precious metal, it's usually not gold at all… or even foil! It is actually a material calledmulti-layer insulation, or MLI. Dubai Frame gets covered in gold - Khaleej Times www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/dubai-frame-gets-covered-in-gold Dubai Frame gets covered in gold. Sherouk Zakaria /Dubai. Filed on March 22, 2017 | Last updated on March 22, 2017 at 05.29 am. Share; More >. Vote. People also search for View 10+ more We Found Us The Heart Get No Sleep Feel It All Louder Than Love Girl Got a Gun Love Who Loves You Back Searches related to Covered in Gold covered in gold dubstep covered in gold meaning covered in gold word covered in gold song covered in gold lyrics soldier on watch crossword gains a lap crossword trudge wearily crossword clue
