دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین فعالیت استاندارد سازی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
یک معیار مالکیت معنوی جدید برای فعالیت های استاندارد سازی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
A new intellectual property metric for standardization activities
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
This section describes our methodological approach in this largely undeveloped area of research. 2.1. Basic data resources Standardization activities relating to IP seem to be of primary importance for innovation in an organization (Tamura, 2010). In addition, the standardization activities relating to IP avoid data noise relating to management standards and recognitions that are not necessarily directly related to R&D and innovation (e.g., ISO management system standards). Hence, this study focuses on: i) Standardization activities in organizations or institutions where R&D is actually conducted rather than those in SDOs where R&D is not performed. ii) Standardization activities that occur as part of IP-related activities, as opposed to all standardization activities within an organization. We draw upon raw data from the Survey of Intellectual PropertyRelated Activities for fiscal years 2008–2010. The Japan Patent Of- fice has published this survey annually since 2002 to facilitate creation of effective IP policy. Gathering data requires clear definitions for each metric. “Standard” and “standardization” have assorted meanings. Stango (2004) defines standards as “specifications that determine the compatibility of different products.” However, this definition focuses only on outputs of standardization activities for products or services. Definitions for inputs such as the quantity of labor are also necessary. Therefore, we use eight definitions specified in the Japan Patent Office Survey (2008, 2009, 2010) (Appendix B): (1) standardization-related activities (SA), (2) personnel engaged in standardization-related activities (SA personnel), (3) IP-related standardization activities (IPRSA), (4) personnel engaged in IPrelated standardization activities (IPRSA personnel), (5) IP-related activities (IPA), (6) personnel engaged in IP-related activities (IPA personnel), (7) R&D activities and (8) R&D personnel.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Catalog of National Bureau of Standards publications, 1966-1976 https://books.google.com/books?id=uPU5AQAAIAAJ United States. National Bureau of Standards. Technical Information and Publications Division, Betty L. Burris, Rebecca J. Morehouse - 1978 - Government publications Enforcement process; Housing; Hurricane Agnes; Mobile home parks; ... and modular standards; Metrication; Product-dimensions; Building industry; Conversion; 15454. ... Engineering standards; International and national standards activities; ... U.S. Metric Study Report - Volume 13 - Page 241 - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?id=ny3ClVxb6roC 1971 - Metric system Lidison Representative: L. F. Donahue, Staff Director for Standards Activities, ... National Archives and Records Service Property Management and Disposal ... (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use - NIST https://www.nist.gov/document-15694 by K Butcher - 2006 - Cited by 5 - Related articles National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 ..... 1procurements, grants and other business-related activities, for educational ... document for the conversion of customary2 (inch-pound) units to metric, this ... units can be derived from these, such as the hectare (ha) for an area of land or the liter (L ... [PDF]metric standards https://mdmetric.com/METRIC%20STANDARDS%20for%20Worldwide%20Manufa... by KO Kverneland - Cited by 10 - Related articles METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing / by Knut O. Kverneland. ..... For example, ISO 898-1 on Mechanical Properties of Fasteners is now ... Regional trade agreements and related activities in other parts of the world are similarly ...
