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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
چشم انداز سیستم های پیچیده تطبیقی سیاست جنگل در چین
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
A complex adaptive systems perspective of forest policy in China
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Forest management as a complex adaptive system
Researchers from across disciplines argue that the current paradigm of forest policies employed in many countries needs to shift away from an “ecosystem equilibrium” perspective, and towards a view of forests as complex systems in which ecosystems and resource governance evolve together (Adger, 2000; Berkes et al., 2002; Folke et al., 2005; Walker and Meyers, 2004). In these social-ecological systems, the current system of management leads to unpredictable emergent disturbance regimes that make it difficult for individuals and ecosystems to adapt to change, especially when change comes in the form of a significant disturbance. Complex systems science provides an alternative approach by offering a lens to study how systems adapt to disturbance by reorganizing in ways that allow important system components to persist over time (Holling, 2001). Specifically, complex systems science has enlightened our understanding of the resilience (Holling, 1973) of natural resource management systems, and social-ecological systems in general, in the presence of increasing disturbances. Resilience, as informed by sustainability science, refers to the degree to which a system can “absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change to still retain essentially the same function, structure and feedbacks” (Walker and Meyers, 2004). In resilient natural resource management systems, disturbance can create opportunity for new ways of managing landscapes by changing existing relationships among resource governance actors or creating new actors that provide alternative modes of resource governance when existing structures become ineffective (Walker et al., 2004). In contrast, non-resilient systems mute opportunity for novelty by the constraints imposed by ecosystem processes and existing governance structures. A complex systems approach can aid in organizing ideas regarding resilience and adaptive capacity by way of the complex adaptive cycle (Fig. 2). The adaptive cycle is a concept put forth as a metaphor for conceptualizing social-ecological systems as non-linear, disequilibrium entities that are constantly in a state of flux (Gunderson and Holling, 2001). The adaptive cycle is defined by four phases: exploitation, conservation, release, and reorganization. In a natural resource management context, the exploitation represents the management of landscapes to begin efficient levels of resource growth. This is followed by the conservation phase in which biomass accumulation is maintained at a desired level for maximal resource extraction. Next is the release phase in which the system experiences disturbance resulting in biomass loss and an increase in the vulnerability of the forest management system. Finally, the reorganization phase follows, presenting opportunities for forest governance (including multiple levels of government, forestry enterprises and local landowners) to change how policies formulate the relationships between actors.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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