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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تعاملات پویا بین کانال های انتقال دانش دانشگاهی دانشگاه: مطالعه موردی بیشترین حق اختراع دانشگاهی است
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Dynamic interactions between university-industry knowledge transfer channels: A case study of the most highly cited academic patent
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Case studies of highly cited university patents
The economic and technological importance of highly cited patents has been recognized following the pioneering work of Trajtenberg (1990) (see Barberá-Tomás et al., 2011 for a recent discussion). Jaffe et al. (1993, p. 597) highlight that case studies of highly cited patents can provide a more profound understanding of knowledge transfer: In future work we plan to identify a small number of patents that are extremely highly cited. It is likely that such patents are both technologically and economically important. Case studies of such patents and their citations could prove highly informative about [. . .] the mechanisms of knowledge transfer. There is one highly cited university patent which has attracted the attention of researchers: the Cohen-Boyer ‘Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras’ (US4237224) based on recombinant DNA. The patent was applied for in 1974 by Stanford University and granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in 1980. Feldman et al. (2007) provide a qualitative case study analysing the licensing strategy in the Cohen-Boyer patent and stressing the role of Stanford’s Office of Technology and Licensing in flexibly managing this formal knowledge transfer channel. Feldman and Yoon (2012) study knowledge transfer, based on quantitative analysis of citations to this patent, and conclude that it has been used as a ‘general purpose technology’ by citing inventors who have built on the general recombinant process with applications in several domains. The richness of these findings suggests the variety offormal(notably licensing) and informal channels underlying knowledge transfer measured via patent citations. Even more interesting in our context is a study of the CohenBayer patent by Hughes (2001) in the discipline of the History of Science (Martin, 2012). Hughes demonstrates that in-depth, qualitative study of a highly cited patent could provide information on licensing and citations and also on other knowledge transfer channels. Although her main interest was not in temporally unfolding dynamic interactions and the localization of knowledge transfer channels, her narrative shows that the start of the patent application process in 1974 was followed in 1975 by a highly localized knowledge transfer channel: Cohen’s consulting activity with the Cetus Corporation, a Bay Area company. Hughes (2001, p. 562) discusses the importance of the relationship between the knowledge transferred through the two channels of patenting and consulting: What raised concern in Cohen’s case was the fact that he was an inventor on a Stanford patent application and atthe same time a paid consultantfor a company seeking a license on the invention being patented. He tried to reassure critics by arguing that he expected to be able ‘to effectively separate my relationship with Stanford as the Inventor, from my relationship with Cetus as a scientific consultant’, it was a fine–if not impossible–line that Cohen attempted to draw between Cohen the scientist, Cohen the inventor and Cohen the corporate consultant. . . Attempts to draw boundaries between the three interlocking realms were artificial and ultimately futile
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کلمات کلیدی:
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