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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آیا اولویت اصلی در علم وجود دارد؟ رفتار پیشگام و تولید علمی در فناوری نانو
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Is there a first mover advantage in science? Pioneering behavior and scientific production in nanotechnology
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
. Antecedents and outcomes of entry timing in an emerging field
2.1. Outcomes: first mover advantages and disadvantages 2.1.1. First mover advantages Pioneering behavior has received a lot of attention in the field of firm competitive strategies, resulting in arguments in support for both first mover advantage and disadvantage. Perhaps the most intuitive argument for first mover advantage is that the advance of early entrants ensures technical leadership and creates a technology gap that competitors might never bridge. As they develop knowledge in new research processes and techniques (Kerin et al., 1992), pioneers can maintain this advantage overtime. In the field studied in this paper, nanotechnology research, this argument is made even stronger by the prevailing role infrastructures played in its development. Consistent with Darby and Zucker’s (2005) demonstration that research in nanotechnology consists in the “invention of a method of invention” in Griliches’ sense (1957), pioneers had to adapt and develop new equipment tailored for the nanoscale. They could capitalize on this experience and gain considerable timing advantage in developing applied research in that field. For example,the history ofthe scanning tunnelingmicroscope shows that early users were heavily involved in its development and modified it to better match their needs (Mody, 2011). In this example, early exposure to this technology probably provided an advantage for further research. Another advantage of pioneering behavior is reputational(Lilien and Yoon, 1990). This mechanism is particularly relevant in scientific research, where reputation has a considerable effect on scientists’ ability to attract new co-authors and funding (Newman, 2009), resulting in a self-reinforcing dynamic of success known as the Matthew effect (Merton, 1968). High status researchers get better research conditions (in terms of funding, teaching and administrative tasks), therefore enjoying higher chances to be productive and visible in the community (Stephan, 1996). As first movers enter an empty field, it is theoretically easier for their work to gain visibility and serve as a landmark for future entrants (Newman, 2009). With this prominent position they can pre-empt scarce resources (Boulding and Christen, 2008). The latter can be human: early movers can establish international collaborations networks which will be more difficult to join thereafter. Of course there are also financial resources to be preempted. In nanotechnology research, in particular, the dramatic increase in government funding took place around 2000 (i.e. launch of the US National Nano Initiative in 2001, nanotechnology named as a priority in the Sixth Framework Program in 2002 (Palmberg et al., 2009)). Building on their legitimacy, nanotechnology researchers who were already established and had a publication track in the field were in a better position to address those calls, if not to simply take part in their conception and execution as subject-matter experts.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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