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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تغییرپذیری شبکه بازویی با توجه به ضمیمه همراه سرخرگ های عصبی بازو
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Variations in brachial plexus with respect to concomitant accompanying aberrant arm arteries
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
In textbooks of the early 19th century, variations in the brachial plexus (Meckel, 1817; von Luschka, 1865) were not described. Henle (1871) and Hoffmann (1881) were the first to report that the connections and the origins of brachial plexus branches were not developed uniformly. In the Anglo-American literature, Walsh (1877) and Kerr (1918) referred to the anatomical variation in the brachial plexus. Later on, this variability was confirmed in the textbook of Rauber and Kopsch (Kopsch, 1950). Especially the location of the loop of the median nerve is highly variable (Leonhardt in Rauber-Kopsch, 1988; Tillmann in Zilles/Tillmann, 2010). The supplies by the lateral or medial cord may be two-, three- or even fourfold (von Lanz and Wachsmuth, 1959; Leonhardt in Rauber-Kopsch, 1988; Tillmann in Zilles/Tillmann, 2010). The loop of the median nerve may lie behind the axillary artery (Gegenbaur, 1892; Gegenbaur, 1903) or may have moved to the distal upper arm (von Lanz and Wachsmuth, 1959; Leonhardt in Rauber-Kopsch, 1988; Tillmann in Zilles/Tillmann, 2010). Further on, some of the fibers of the median nerve may run for some distance in the musculocutaneous nerve and then leave it to join their proper trunk (Williams and Warwick in Gray, 1980). Besides the normal loop of the median nerve, a connection between median and musculocutaneous nerves may form an additional loop. In about 5% of cases, the median nerve’s loop is absent (Leonhardt in Rauber-Kopsch, 1988; Tillmann in Zilles/Tillmann). The next most frequent variants in the brachial plexus concern the musculocutaneous nerve. A connecting branch between median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve is observed in quite a number of cases (Kopsch in Rauber-Kopsch, 1914, 1950; Leonhardt in Rauber-Kopsch, 1988; Tillmann in Zilles/Tillmann, 2010). Instead of piercing the coracobrachialis muscle, the musculocutaneous
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