دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین آنالیز سود و زیان lhc از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
بعضی اظهارات مربوط به تجزیه و تحلیل سود و زیان برای LHC در CERN
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Some remarks concerning the cost/benefit analysis applied to LHC at CERN
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. CERN and the LHC
The LHC is presently the largest project in basic science and implies an international worldwide cooperation of hitherto unknown extent. However, it is part of a complicated accelerator system and it seems very difficult to separate LHC from the technical, financial and experienced—based environment it is embedded in. To understand this it is necessary to describe shortly how LHC has been created and how it works, indeed how CERN as organisation operates (see also chapt. 4). CERN has been created in 1954 originally as a European laboratory after the last World War with the objective to combine the European efforts in particle physics. Since this field of science requires large installations which were beyond the possibilities of individual European states this offered the only possibility to compete with the USA. CERN was considered to be a kind of ‘service station’ providing for users from the European states: - facilities like accelerators, computers, machine shops etc. with the necessary technical competence - the overall coordination of international co-operations and management framework - training for students, scientists and technicians (now also school teachers). With the first storage ring for proton-proton collisions ISR which started operation in 1971 and in the 1980ies with the large electronpositron collider LEP (predecessor of LHC in the same tunnel) and now with LHC CERN has realised unique facilities in the world and has become in practice a world laboratory, although formally still a European Organisation. LHC has started operation in 2008 and after consecutive upgrading will reach its final design parameters in 2016. With additional improvements (e.g. increase in luminosity, meaning more collisions per second) will maintain its leading position until 2035 and perhaps beyond. For the long-term future new projects are under consideration, like a large linear collider and a new circular collider with a tunnel circumference of about 100 km. For these new projects certainly a C/B analysis will be required. Presently CERN has about 11 000 outside users from the whole world with only about 100 research physicists among the 2300 CERN staff. Hence science is performed mainly by outside groups (‘users’) whereas the competence of most of CERN staff is in the fields of many technologies, including networking and computing. The many students from outside universities are a unique source for permanent rejuvenation of CERN users and staff.
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